The First Seventeen Years: Virginia 1607-1624 Part 11

Sams, Conway Whittle, _The Conquest of Virginia_. 4 volumes ("The Forest Primeval," "The First Attempt," "The Second Attempt," and "The Third Attempt"). New York, 1916-1939.

Smith, John, _The Travels and Works of Captain John Smith_. Edited by Edward Arber with introduction. Edinburgh, 1910. 2 volumes.

Stanard, Mary Newton, _The Story of Virginia's First Century_.

Philadelphia, 1928.

Strachey, William, _The Historie of Travell into Virginia Britania (1612)_. Edited by Louis B. Wright and Virginia Freund and printed for the Hakluyt Society. London, 1953. (Also available in an edition edited by H. H. Major. London, 1849.)

Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (ed.), _Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606-1625_.

New York, 1930.

_The Cradle of the Republic: Jamestown and James River_. Richmond, Va., 1906 (2nd edition).

Virginia Company, _The Records of the Virginia Company of London_.

Edited by Susan Myra Kingsbury. Washington, D. C., 1906-1935. 4 volumes.

Wertenbaker, Thomas Jefferson, _The First Americans 1607-1690. A History of American Life_, Volume II. New York, c.1927 (various printings).

Wingfield, Edward Maria, _A Discourse of Virginia_. Edited by Charles Deane. Boston, 1860.

Wright, Louis B., _Atlantic Frontier: Colonial American Civilization: 1607-1761_. New York, 1947.

Yonge, Samuel H., _The Site of Old "James Towne" 1607-1698_. Richmond, c.1907 (several reprints).

APPENDIX

SUPPLIES FOR VIRGINIA

One of the most informative ways, perhaps, to get an idea of daily living in early Virginia is to read, and study, a list of the household, personal and general objects which were sent to the Colony. One of the most detailed such lists that has been preserved is one that itemizes the cargo sent in the ship, _Supply_, which left England in September, 1620, bound for Berkeley Hundred. This is given in digest below. It is adapted from the list in the Smith of Nibley Papers and is available in published form in the _Bulletin of the New York Public Library_, III, No. 7 (July, 1899), pp. 283-290 as well as in the _Records of the Virginia Company of London_, III, pp. 385-393.

Bought at London

15 grosse of b.u.t.tons; 60 eles of linnen cloth; 15 eles of canvas; 10 yards of blue linnen for facinge the doublets; tape and thread; 42 yards of brode cloth at 6_s_ the yard for 20 ca.s.sacks & breeches; 57 yards of dyed holmes fustian at 18_d_ the yard for 20 doublets; makinge the said 20 doublets ca.s.sacks & breeches at 3_s_ 4_d_; 10 doublets & breeches of russet lether with lether lynings 8 15_s_ & 9 gros of lether b.u.t.tons 10_s_ In the wholl with the makynge; glas beades of severall sorts; drugs & phisicks bought of Mr Barton Apothecary by doctor Gulsons direccon for the flipp & scurvy &c; wainscot boxe and hay to pack the same in &c; drifatt to send downe the 30 sutes of apparell and cariage of the same from the Taylors to the wayne at Holborne bridge & porters.

Bought at Stoke

20 bush.e.l.ls of wheat at 3_s_ 6_d_; 336 lbs. of b.u.t.ter at 5_d_; 336 lbs. of cheese at 25_s_ the 112 lbs.; 2 corslets & 2 callivers furnished; a musket.

Bought at Nibley and in the Country.

22 bush.e.l.ls of white pease bought by Mr Smyth of Mris. Leigh of Combe at 2_s_ the bush.e.l.l 44_s_ & cariage to Nibley 2_s_ 6_d_; 9 bush.e.l.ls more of white pease bought of Sam Trotman at 22_s_ the bush.e.l.l (which were the best of all.); 9 bush.e.l.ls of 3 square wheat in ears in 2 great pipes at 4_s_; 12 bush.e.l.ls & halfe of malt (dryed on purpose) put into another great canary pipe at 2_s_; 3 pipes, & for one other pipe, 2 hoggsheads &, 2 lesser casks to put the said pease in, & caryage in 2 waynes from Nibley to Berkeley, with 12_s_ spent by the plowman there, & to the couper to head & dresse them.

Bought at Bristoll faire and after there.

522 dozen of b.u.t.tons, parte thread, parte haire and 6 dozen of greene silke; 12 dozen yards of garteringe, of 2 sorts & 4 colors &c; 6 grosse of poynts beinge 72 dozen whereof the one half of lether, the other of thread; 5 paire of double boxcombes & 6 bone combs; 10 dozen of knives whereof 9 dozen of one sort and one dozen of another sort; one dozen of sisers; one dozen of womens sheares; 4 payres of Taylors sheares of 2 sorts; one dozen of paringe knives; 6 other knives; 600 & an halfe of cheese bought by Wm Hopton at 14_s_ & 16_s_ the hundred beinge 101 cheeses; 4 quires & an halfe of paper for all the servants indentures and other draughts, ec; 54 ells of dowlas at 15_d_ ob. for shirts; 58 els 3 quarters of canvas for sheets at 14_d_; 24 els of canvas at 15_d_ and 66 els of canvas at 13_d_ ob; 52 els of canvas at 15 for shirts; 84 ells of canvas at 13_d_ for sheets; 81 ells quarter of canvas at 14_d_; 82 ells and an halfe at 14_d_ of canvas; 56 ells & an halfe of canvas at 14_d_; 32 ells of dowlas at 14_d_; 3 dozen of fallinge bands at 7_s_ 6_d_ the dozen; 5 dozen of fallinge bands at 6_s_ 6_d_ the dozen; 2 dozen falling bands at 5_s_ 6_d_ the dozen; 10 dozen of handkercheifs; 49 payre of Irish stockins; 22 payre of Irish stockins; 34 payre of Irish stockins; one barrell of tarre; one barrell of pitch; 6 hoggsheads of baysalt for Virginia; 30 stone of stocks at 2_s_ 6; 10 reaphooks; 2 fryinge pans; 2 bolts of browne thread; one bolt of black thread; 8 lbs.

browne thread; 20 pickaxes; 40 weedinge howes; 30 spades; 2 sithes; 10 felling axes; 6 squaring axes; 20 bed mats; 10 bush.e.l.ls di. [_i.e._ one-half] peck of oatmeale at 4_s_; 5 bush.e.l.ls of oatmeal grots at 6_s_; 2 grindstones; 2 french mill stones; 102 lbs. of sope; 10 traces of onyons; 10 gallons 3 quarts of oyle & the runlet to put it in; 6 baskets used about the ship; 6 bells; 6 bandeleres; 1 quarter of 100 of match; 6 swords; makinge 51 shirts at 3_d_ & 2 towells; makinge 25 payre of sheets; 100 di & 13 lbs. of lead beinge 6 bars; 200 of lead shot at 1_d_ the lb.; 160 lbs. di of powder at 15_d_; a little caske to put 12 lbs. of powder in; 200 payre of shoes of 4 sizes.

Garden seeds vzt parsnip, carret, cabbage, turnep, lettuice, onyon mustared and garlick; 2 tun of sider bought at Bristoll; 1 hoggeshead of new sider sent Mr Thorpe; hallinge to the storehouse and lynes to maile in it; charges of Robt Lawford at Bristoll imployed divers dayes buyinge of provisions &c; 60 gallons & one pottle of aqua vite at 3_s_; 22500 nayles of severall sorts; 2000 of hobnayles; 4000 of sparrowbills; bags to put nayles in and to the porter; given, to the poore and spent at hiringe the first ship by Felgate; given to break of from that ships after 14 days; one dryfatt and 3 tun of caske untrimd; 15 dozen of candles at 4_s_ 4_d_ the dozen; 2 barrells of Irish beoffe bought by Toby Felgate; one other barrell bought by Tho. Kewis; 2142 lbs. of beoffe & porke, salt for it & charges in saltinge and barrellinge beinge in 13 barrells; 200 di [_i.e._ one-half, or 50 lbs.] of codfish at 46_s_ the 100 called Cornish fish; cariage of 1300 waight from London parte by horse & parte by wayne to Bristoll & waighinge; a chest to put small parcells in; 100 3 quarters 7 lb. of iron hoopes to hoope 6 tun of beere at 3_d_ the pound; dyet & lodginge in Bristoll upon one accompt at the Horshooe and Horsmeat & hire of Toby Felgates horse twice to Nibley.

Markams works of husbandry & huswifry bound togeather and for the like of Gowges &c; the copies of the counsells order for fishinge & about tobacco and of Sir Edwin Sandis project, and of the artificiall wine, to be sent over to Mr Thorpe, payd the Secretary; 18 tun of beere at 36_s_ p. tun and for 3 barrells spent in the ship; 8800 of bisket at 12_s_ the 100 lbs. and 21 lbs. over and a quarter of 100 more; 20 ruggs at 8_s_ the peece; 100 of monmoth caps and bands; a boylinge kettle filled for the ship at 17_d_ the lb. beinge 36 lbs. di [_i.e._ one-half]; 60 gallons of sack at 2_s_ 6_d_ the gallon in 4 runlets; one hoggeshed of wine vinegar; cloutleather 32_d_ shoo-thread 26 dozen 4_s_ and 4 half quarter of hemp 4_s_ 1_d_; to the couper upon his bill for 39 tun of caske and 2 barrells of all the fraight contayninge 142 vessels bought of him besides what came from Mr Tracy & Mr Smyth; and to the coupers journeyman for many labors by him done; to Mr Ewens in parte of the wages for the hire of his ship before hand by acquitance and by indors.e.m.e.nt of his chartre party; to the grosser for sugar, pepper, ginger, cynamon, nutmegs, cloves, mace, dates, raisons, currants, damaske prunes, rice, saffron, almonds, brimston, starch & one ream of paper; a masons great hammer & trouell bought by Richard Piers for himselfe; 8 bush.e.l.ls of meale at 4_s_ the bush.e.l.l; 2 great & 2 lesser lanthornes 5_s_ 2 shod shovels, 20_d_ bellowes, lables, trenches, mustard bolls, tape cannells, bread baskets, wooden spoones, tundish, 18 cans, mustard pot, 12 porridge dishes 18 quarter cans, 2 horne tunnels, 2 horne cups, a pair of scales, 3 little drynking cups, 3 dozen wodden sawcers, 4 dozen platters, 6 wyre candlesticks, 2 panyars, & 1 pepercorne all wood; makinge of bolsters and other parcells upon many particulars, as hallyers, 29_s_ 10_d_ wood 23_s_ 4_d_ cordage to trusse and cabynes 7_s_ 4_d_ padlockes 4_s_ 6_d_, 3 spades & 2 howes 9_d_ makinge 30 sheets and 21 shirts, 11_s_ 8_d_ 28 bolsters makinge &c.

Bought of Mr Tracy.

100 payre of knit stockins; watchinge the wayne & cariage of the 13 brode clothes that Benedict Webbe sent to Bristoll to the storehouse; 9 swordes; 9 corslets; 9 muskers wherof 6 are with snaphanses; 6 callivers; 4 coates of plate; 4 partizans; 12 felling axes made in Deane, and for 2 squaring axes; 10 hatchets; 24 augurs of severall sorts; 2 handsawes; 12 sithes; 24 reaphooks; a vise for a smyth; a bras serine for a glister pipe; 15 peeces beoffe roafed [?] & 4 tongues; 43 lb.

of cheese; 9 flitches of bacon; 20 bush.e.l.ls of white pease at 2_s_ 4_d_; a barrell of pippen vinegar; 2 broadaxes; 2 felling axes; 2 adizes; 2 handsawes; 2 hatchets; one 2 inch augur; 6 turnynge tools; 2 googes; 4 brode chesills; 7 playnge irons; small chesills; one twibill; mendinge of servants tooles; 4 millpecks; one anvill; 2 turninge irons; 13 brode clothes of 29 yards the peece and 7 brode bought of Benedict Webb by Mr Tracy; buckerom & canvas to pack them in; to Boswell the apothecary upon his bill for drugs and other like stuffs bought by Mr. Pawlet as appeareth.

Payd Mr Felgate upon accompt for charges about the breadroome, & cabins, for joyners worke, pitche, nayles, bordes &c; payd for wages of 5 of our seamen for 3 weeks di [_i.e._ one-half]

4_s_ the weeke dayly helpinge ended 17 September Sat.u.r.day night; and for the dyet of Toby Felgate at Bristol for 7 weeks at 6_s_ p. weeke; payd Toby Felgate upon his bill for the charges of himselfe and hire of his horse to Bristoll and cariage of his sea cards, affaires & apparell; payd at the Horshooe for a chamber to stowe our goods bought at St James faire for 5 weeks; imprest to Mr Felgate to buy 1000 couple of Newfoundland fish; 2 sives to make gunpowder in Virginia; a barre of iron and hangers in the cookroome in the ship; the hire of the Swanne cellar 5_s_ and for Hendens cellar for all our goods 11_s_; charges of diet of Mr Smyth & parte of the company at the White Lyon, and for the bord wages of other parte of the company for 14 dayes as by accompt kept by Willm Archard; paper, inke & parchment for comissions and quadripart.i.te covenants & indentures &c; 2 boxes for cariage of comissions, lettres indentures &c. into Virginia; the hire of a boat that caryed Mris Tracy & the weomen & children from Bristoll to Crockhampill; to the boatmen at Barkley for caryage of 2 tun di of pease, wheat, wheat eares malt &c. to Bristoll; to Mr Willet Customer outwards for the customs of 10 brode clothes & pretermitted dutyes, which is to be repayd upon certificate from Sir Garroway & Sir John Worsuam; payd Mr. Tracys bill for a tramell net; payd for the pa.s.sage of 20 men & weomen from the partes of Hayles to Bristoll, & the hire of some horses dyet & lodginge at the Horshooe and at Mris Lewis house and lodginge of many servants as by severall bills appeareth over & besides what Mr Smyth thought indifferently fit to abate which Mr Tracy referred to him &c; for wrytinge & ingrossinge the 2 comissions quadripart.i.te covenants 35 payre of indentures and divers other particulars; sent to Mr Tracy upon his lettres after I was come to Nibley to be supplyed, whilst he lay for wynd at Crockampill with all his company &c.

This list makes it crystal clear that supplying Virginia was both a costly and time consuming operation. It is clear, too, that supplies were of the nature that encouraged permanent colonization and residence in Virginia. Those Englishmen who founded the Colony took as much of the English way of life with them as was possible be it personal or political rights and freedom, books, food, clothing, utensils, or working tools.