The Evolution of States Part 50

[Footnote 1101: Villemain, however, had previously made some approach to such a view; and Sir John Seeley has left record of how Sir James Stephen suggested to students a research concerning "the buccaneering Cromwell" (_Expansion of England_, p. 115).]

[Footnote 1102: _Cromwell's Place in History_, pp. 89, 90.]

[Footnote 1103: Gardiner, _History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate_ (1897), ii, 475-76. It is startling to contrast this explicit avowal of Dr. Gardiner with the a.s.sertion of Dr. Holland Rose (art. in the _Monthly Review_, July, 1902), that the historian averred to him that English foreign policy _always_ came out well on investigation.]

[Footnote 1104: _Cromwell's Place in History_, p. 97. Cp. p. 101; Burnet, _History of his Own Time_, bk. i, ed. 1838, pp. 44, 49, 50; Thurloe, _State Papers_, 1742, vii, 295.]

[Footnote 1105: Letter of De Bordeaux to Servien, May 5, 1653, given by Guizot, _Histoire de la republique d'Angleterre et de Cromwell_, tom. i, _end_.]

[Footnote 1106: Letter cited.]

[Footnote 1107: Guizot, _Republique d'Angleterre_, ed. 1854, ii, 216.]

[Footnote 1108: _On a War with Spain._ Cp. the poem, _Upon the Death of the Lord Protector_.]

[Footnote 1109: _Horatian Ode upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland._ Dryden's _Heroic Stanzas_ on the death of the Protector show how he would have swelled the acclaim.]

[Footnote 1110: A similar idea, I find, is well expressed by Seeley, _Expansion of England_, p. 114.]

[Footnote 1111: As to the element of historic "accident," cp. MM.

Langlois and Seign.o.bos, _Introduction aux etudes historiques_, 2e ed. p.

253.]

[Footnote 1112: Hallam, discriminating the shades of opinion, lays it down that "A favourer of unlimited monarchy was not a Tory, neither was a Republican a Whig. Lord Clarendon was a Tory: Hobbes was not; Bishop Hoadly was a Whig: Milton was not" (_History_, as cited, iii, 199). But though Hobbes's political doctrine was odious to the Tory clergy, and even to legitimists as such, it certainly made for Toryism in practice.

In the words of Green: "If Hobbes destroyed the old ground of royal despotism, he laid a new and a firmer one." Cp. T. Whittaker, in _Social England_, iv, 280, 281, as to the conflict between "divine right"

royalism and Hobbes's principle of an absolute sovereignty set up by social consent to begin with.]

[Footnote 1113: As to the "high pretensions to religion, combined with an almost unlimited rapacity" (Petty) on the part of many leading Puritans, cp. Gardiner, _Commonwealth and Protectorate_, ii, 167, 172, 187, 194, 302, 358, etc.]

[Footnote 1114: In the essay on "Hallam's _Const.i.tutional History_"

(1828). In the _History_ the verdict is more favourable.]

[Footnote 1115: _Lives of the Friends of the Lord Chancellor Clarendon_, by Lady T. Lewis, i, 70; cited in _Falklands_, by T.L. (Author of _Life of Sir Kenelm Digby_), 1897, pp. 121-22.]

[Footnote 1116: On the general question of his course see the defence of T.L. (work cited, p. 129 _sq._), and that by Mr. J.A. R. Marriott, _Life and Times of Viscount Falkland_, 2nd. ed. 1908, p. 331 _sq._]

[Footnote 1117: As against from 100 to 140 "neuters" and Royalists, and 170 lawyers or officers (Hallam, ii, 269, _note_, citing the Clarendon Papers, iii, 443).]

[Footnote 1118: Republicans there still were in the reigns of William and Anne (see Hallam, iii, 120, 230; cp. the author's essay on "Fletcher of Saltoun" in _Our Corner_, Jan., 1888), but they never acted openly as such.]

[Footnote 1119: See below, ch. iii, -- 2.]

[Footnote 1120: _E.g._, Richard Overton's pamphlet (1646) ent.i.tled _An Arrow against all Tyrants and Tyranny, wherein the Original, Rise, Extent, and End of Magisterial Power, the Natural and National Rights, Freedoms, and Properties of Mankind, are discovered and undeniably maintained_. Its main doctrines are that "To every individual in nature is given an individual property by nature, not to be invaded or usurped by any"; and that "no man hath power over my rights and liberties, and I over no man's." See a long and interesting extract in the _History of Pa.s.sive Obedience since the Reformation_, Amsterdam, 1689, i, 59. As to the other anarchists, of whom Lilburne was not one, see Gardiner, _History of the Commonwealth_, i, 47, 48.]

[Footnote 1121: Cp. Gardiner, _Cromwell's Place in History_, pp. 37-50; _History of the Great Civil War_, 1889, ii, 53-55, 310-12; iii, 527.

While grudgingly noting his straightforwardness, Dr. Gardiner a.s.sumes to discredit Lilburne as impracticable, yet is all the while demonstrating that Cromwell's constructive work utterly collapsed. Lilburne explicitly and accurately predicted that the tyrannies of the new _regime_ would bring about the Restoration (Guizot, _Histoire de la republique d'Angleterre et de Cromwell_, ed. Bruxelles, 1854, i, 52).]

[Footnote 1122: Dr. Gardiner says he was not, but does not explain away Cromwell's acquiescence. As to the war-spirit in England, see van Kampen, _Geschichte der Niederlande_, ii, 140, 141.]

[Footnote 1123: Guizot, _Histoire de la republique d'Angleterre et de Cromwell_, ed. Bruxelles, 1854, i, 202-11; van Kampen, _Geschichte der Niederlande_, ii, 150, 151; Davies, _History of Holland_, 1841, ii, 709.]

[Footnote 1124: Guizot, as cited, i, 243.]

[Footnote 1125: There is a hardly credible story (Gardiner, _History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate_, ii, 30) that in supporting Owen's scheme for a liberal religious establishment he declared: "I had rather that Mahometanism were permitted amongst us than that one of G.o.d's children should be persecuted." If the story be true, so much the worse for his treatment of Catholics.]

[Footnote 1126: Gardiner, _Commonwealth and Protectorate_, small ed. iv, 118. Dr. Gardiner actually praises Cromwell for "good sense" (p. 98) in seeing that the general plantation decreed by the Declaration of 1653 "was absolutely impracticable." It had been his own decree!]

[Footnote 1127: Mr. Harrison, as cited, p. 210. Mr. Allanson Picton, in his lectures on the _Rise and Fall of the English Commonwealth_, has with more pains and circ.u.mspection sought to make good a similar judgment. But the nature of his performance is tested by his contending on the one hand that the ideal of the Commonwealth was altogether premature, and on the other that Cromwell governed with the real consent of the nation.]

[Footnote 1128: Gardiner, _Commonwealth and Protectorate_, i, 193-96; cp. Whittaker, in _Social England_, iv, 288, 289.]

[Footnote 1129: _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_, i, 106.]

[Footnote 1130: _Id._ p. 107.]

[Footnote 1131: _Id._ p. 108, 109, citing Bancroft, i, 401, 402. Seeley ignored these and many other matters when he p.r.o.nounced that the annals of Greater Britain are "conspicuously better than those of Greater Spain, which are infinitely more stained with cruelty and rapacity." In the usual English fashion, he left out of account, too, the horrors of the English conquests of Ireland.]

[Footnote 1132: _Ecclesiastical History_, 12 cent., pt. i, ch. ii, -- 2.]

[Footnote 1133: See Rogers, _Industrial and Commercial History_, p. 13, as to the distress about 1630.]

[Footnote 1134: Cunningham, as cited, p. 107.]

[Footnote 1135: Redlich and Hirst, _Local Government in England_, 1903, ii, 361; and Miss Leonard's _Early History of English Poor Relief_, as there cited.]

[Footnote 1136: See Child's testimony, cited below, p. 467. That, however, specifies no superiority in the methods of the monarchy.]

[Footnote 1137: Redlich and Hirst, as cited, ii, 363, _note_.]

[Footnote 1138: Cunningham, p. 109.]

[Footnote 1139: See Rogers, _Industrial and Commercial History_, p. 4, as to the iron trade.]

[Footnote 1140: As to usury in the reign of Henry VII see Busch, _England unter den Tudors_, i, 257, 389. On the general canonist teaching there is a very thorough research in Prof. Ashley's _Introduction to Economic History_, vol. ii, ch. vi.]

[Footnote 1141: Cunningham, _Growth of English Industry and Commerce_, vol. ii (_Modern Times_), pp. 74-87.]

[Footnote 1142: _Id._ p. 100.]

[Footnote 1143: _Id._ pp. 87, 88, 102.]

[Footnote 1144: Cunningham, _op. cit._ p. 90. As to the upset of gild monopolies in the sixteenth century, see p. 76.]

Chapter III