The Esperanto Teacher: A Simple Course for Non-Grammarians Part 11

NOTES.

1.--In "pluvas", it rains; "tondras", it thunders; "estas bela tago", it is a fine day; "estas bele", it is fine; "estas vere, ke...", it is true that..., etc., "it" is left out, because it does not stand for any "thing." The adverbs "bele", "vere", are used because no "thing" is mentioned.

2.--"Ni havas fresxajn lakton kaj panon" means "Ni havas fresxan lakton kaj fresxan panon", We have new milk and new bread. "Ni havas fresxan lakton kaj panon" means We have bread and new milk.

3.--"La angla, franca kaj germana lingvoj estas malfacilaj", The English, French and German languages are difficult. "Angla", "franca", "germana" do not take "j" because each refers to only one language, while "malfacilaj" refers to all those mentioned.

LESSON 20.

The words "ia, tia; kial, tial; kiam, cxiam, neniam; kie, kiel, tiel; io, kio, tio, cxio, nenio; kiu, cxiu, neniu", have already been met with. They belong to a series whose use will best be seen from the following examples:--

"ia" denotes kind or quality. "Kia" floro estas la plej bela? "Ia" kaj "cxia" floro estas beta, "nenia" estas malbela. Mi admiras la rozon; "tia" floro la plej placxas al mi. "What (kind of)" flower is the most beautiful? "Any kind" and "every kind" of flower is beautiful, "no kind"

is ugly. I admire the rose, "that kind of" flower pleases me the most.

"ial", motive, reason. "Kial" li iros en Parizon? Mi ne scias; "ial"

li foriros, sed "cxial" estus pli bone resti en Londono. Li deziras foriri, "tial" li foriros. "Why" is he going (will he go) to Paris?

I know not; "for some reason" he is going, but "for every reason" (on every account) it would be better to remain in London. He wishes to go, "therefore" (for that reason) he will go.

"iam", time. "Kiam" vi venos min viziti? "Iam" mi venos, "kiam" mi havos libertempon; vi "cxiam" havas libertempon, mi "neniam". Postmorgaux estos festo, "tiam" mi venos. "When" will you come to visit me?

"Sometime" I will come, "when" (at what time) I shall have a holiday; you "always" (at all times) have a holiday, I "never" (at no time). (The day) after to-morrow will be a festival (a general holiday); I will come "then" (at that time).

"ie", place. "Kie" estas mia cxapelo? Gxi devas esti "ie", sed mi sercxis gxin "cxie", kaj "nenie" mi povas trovi gxin. Ha, nun mi ekvidas gxin "tie". "Where" is my hat? It must be "somewhere", but I have looked for it "everywhere", and "nowhere" can I find it. Ha, now I see it "there".

"iel", manner. "Kiel" vi faros tion cxi? Mi ne scias; mi "cxiel" provis gxin fari, sed mi "neniel" sukcesis. Johano sukcesis "iel"; eble li faris gxin "tiel". "How" will you do this? I do not know; I have tried in every way to do it, but I have "in no way" (not at all) succeeded.

John succeeded "in some way" (somehow); perhaps he did it "so (in such a way").

"ies", possession. "Kies" devo estas tio cxi? Eble gxi estas "ties"; sendube gxi estas "ies". "Cxies" devo estas "nenies". "Whose" duty is this? Perhaps it is "that one's (person's)"; doubtless it is "somebody's. Everybody's" duty is "n.o.body's."

"io", thing. "Kio" malplacxas al vi? Nun "nenio" malplacxas al mi, "cxio" estas bona. Antaux tri tagoj "io" tre malplacxis al mi, sed mi ne parolas pri "tio" nun. "What" displeases you? Now "nothing" displeases me, "all" is well. Three days ago "something" greatly displeased me, but I am not speaking about "that" now.

"iom", quant.i.ty. "Kiom" da mono vi bezonas? Mi havas "tiom", mi povas prunti al vi "iom", sed ne "cxiom". Se mi pruntus al vi "cxiom", mi mem havus "neniom". "How much" money do you need ? I have "so much (that quant.i.ty)", I can lend you "some", but not "all". If I were to lend you "all", I myself should have "none".

"iu" denotes individuality, person, or thing specified. "Kiu" estis cxe la balo? "Cxiu, kiu" estis invit.i.ta, estis tie, "neniu" forestis. "Iu, kiun" mi mem ne konas, venis kun "tiu kiu" vizitis vin hierau. "Who" was at the ball? "Everybody who" had been invited was there, "n.o.body" was absent. "Somebody, whom" I myself do not know, came with "that person who" visited you yesterday.

It will be seen from these examples that the words beginning with "K" either "ask questions" or "refer" to some person or thing before mentioned. Those beginning with "T" point to a "definite" time, place, etc. Those with "Cx" signify "each" or "every", and in the plural "all".

Those without a letter prefixed are "indefinite", meaning some or any; and those with "nen-" are "negative", meaning "no, none".

The words ending in "ia" and those in "iu" can take the plural "j" and accusative "n".

The words in "io" take "n", but the sense does not permit of their taking "j".

The words in "ie" take the "n" denoting direction.

The word "cxi", signifying nearness, is used with the "T" series (words meaning "that"), to denote the one near "i.e., this", as "Tio cxi", this thing; "Tiu cxi", this person; "Tie cxi", or, "cxi tie", here, etc.

The word "ajn", ever, is used with the "K" series to give a more inclusive and wider meaning, as "Kio ajn", whatever; "Kiu ajn", whoever; "Kiam ajn", whenever; "Kiom ajn", however much.

Comparisons of equality are made with the words--

"tiel ... kiel", as Vi estas "tiel" forta, "kiel" mi, You are "as"

strong "as" I.

"tia ... kia", as "Tia" domo, "kia" tiu, estas malofta, "Such" a house "as" that is rare.

"sama ... kia", as Mia bastono estas "tia sama, kia" la via, My stick is "the same as" yours.

"sama ... kiel", as Gxia uzado estas "tia sama, kiel" en la aliaj lingvoj, Its use is "the same as" in the other languages. Vi cxiam laboradas al tiu "sama" celo, "kiel" mi, You are always working towards that "same" end (aim) "as" I.

Any of the above series of words whose sense admits of it can be used as adjectives, adverbs, etc., and in combination with prefixes, suffixes, or other words, as "cxiama", continual, eternal; "tiea", of that place.

"Kioma" is used for asking the time, as "Kioma horo estas"? What time is it?

CORRELATIVE WORDS.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+ * K T CX Nen- INDEFINITE. QUESTIONING DEFINITE. INCLUSIVE. NEGATIVE. RELATIVE. Some, any. What, That. Each, No, none. which. every, all. --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Ia Kia Tia Cxia Nenia QUALITY Some kind What kind That kind Each kind No kind Kind of Any kind Such Every kind --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Ial Kial Tial Cxial Nenial MOTIVE For some For what For that For each For no Reason reason reason reason reason reason Purpose For any Why Therefore For every reason reason --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Iam Kiam Tiam Cxiam Neniam TIME Sometime At what At that Each time At no time Any time time time Every time Never When Then Always --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Ie Kie Tie Cxie Nenie PLACE In some At what At that At each At no place place place place place Somewhere Where There At every Nowhere Anywhere place Everywhere --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Iel Kiel Tiel Cxiel Neniel MANNER In some way In what way In that In each In no way In any way How way way Nohow Somehow, As, like So In every anyhow way --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Ies Kies Ties Cxies Nenies POSSES- Someone's What That one's Each one's No one's SION Anyone's person's Everyone's Whose --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Io Kio Tio Cxio Nenio THING Something What thing That Everything Nothing Anything What thing --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Iom Kiom Tiom Cxiom Neniom QUANt.i.tY Some(of the What That Every None of the quant.i.ty) quant.i.ty quant.i.ty quant.i.ty quant.i.ty How much So much All of the quant.i.ty --------+-----------+-----------+----------+-----------+----------- Iu Kiu Tiu Cxiu Neniu INIVIDU- Someone What person That Each person No one ALITY Anyone Which thing person Everyone n.o.body Who Which That Cxiuj = (specified) all, thing all the... +-------------------------------------------------------------------+

VOCABULARY.

ankro : anchor. prov- : attempt, try.

maniero : manner, way. sukces- : succeed.

riprocxo : reproach. perd- : lose.

konscienco : conscience. merit- : deserve.

propono : proposal, offer. kompren- : understand.

rando : edge. libera : free.

sxipo : ship. certa : certain, sure.

dubo : doubt. utila : useful.

demando : question. fremda : strange.

admir- : admire. necesa : necessary.

placx- : be pleasing. ekster : beyond, outside.

supoz- : suppose.

"Ia." La maro estas tie pli profunda, ol povas atingi ia ankro. En ia maniero. Sen ia riprocxo de konscienco. Mi scias, en kia loko mi certe lin trovos. Kia estas la vetero? Kian malbonon mi al vi faris?

Tiamaniere li faris cxion. Li invitis lin veni en tian kaj tian lokon.

Ne cxia birdo kantas. Ekster cxia dubo. Nenia h.o.m.o meritas tian punon.

Tiaj libroj estas malutilaj. Iafoje li vizitas nin.

"Ial." Ial li ne povis dormi. Kial vi ne respondas al mi? Mi ne komprenis vian demandon, tial mi ne respondis. La h.o.m.oj ne komprenas unu la alian, kaj tial ili tenas sin fremde. Cxial tio estas la plej bona.

"Iam." Mi iam vin amis. Kio vivas, necese devas iam morti. Kiam vi foriros? En la luna nokto, kiam cxiuj dormis, tiam sxi sidis sur la rando de la sxipo. Estu por cxiam benata! Sxi antauxe neniam vidis hundon.

VOCABULARY 20A.