Sequential Problem Solving Part 9

The mayor's willingness to please his employees and his administrative competence are diverted with a personal attack.

* The "commonly accepted practice" deception.

This deception often is designed to make an action seem biased or prejudicial.

"It is common practice to replace computers in business every five years. The military even has a policy to that effect ."

* The "appeal to pity" tactic.

"If welfare recipients are required to work, many recipients will not be able to watch television as much."

* The "infallible truth or cliche" deception.

"This meal is not well seasoned.

Too many cooks spoil the soup."

The emotional tactics often include cynicism or sarcasm and are used to belittle the other person. The emotional tactics are often used to make another person feel worthless and unloved.

Argumentative Fallacies.

1. Critical Thinking and Reasoning: A Handbook for Teachers. Albany: The University of the State of New York, 1976.

REFERENCES.

Research Skills.

Edwards, Betty. _Drawing on The Right Side of The Brain_. Los Angeles: Tarcher, Inc., 1979.

Lucas, Jerry and Harry Lorayne. _The Memory Book_. New York: Ballantine Books, 1974.

Mindil, Phyllis. _Power Reading_. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentise Hall, 1993.

Minninger, Joan. _Total Recall -- How to Boost Your Memory Power_.

Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press, 1984.

_Neural mechanisms of learning and memory_. Mark R. Rosenzweig and Edward L. Bennett, eds. Cambridge, Ma.s.s. MIT Press, 1976.

Robinson, Francis P. _Effective Studying_. 4th ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.

Spense, Jonathan D. _The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci_. New York: Penquin Books, 1984.

Spitzer, Herbert F. "Studies in Retention." _Journal of Educational Psychology_. Vol. x.x.x (Dec. 1930) No. 9.

Practical Problem Solving.

_Aristotle. Rhetoric and the Poetics_. F. Solmsen, ed. New York: The Modern Library, 1954

Beyer, Barry K. "Developing a Scope and Sequence for Thinking Skills Instruction." _Educational Leadership_ 45 (April 1988): 26-30.

"Cla.s.sifying Fallacies Logically", Ludwig F. Schlecht, _Teaching Philosophy_, March, 1991, 14:1, p.53-65

A Committee of College and University Examiners. "Educational Objectives and Curriculum Development." _Taxonomy of Educational Objectives -- Handbook 1: The Cognitive Domain_. Benjamin S. Bloom, ed. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1956.

A Committee of College and University Examiners. "Educational Objectives and Curriculum Development." _Taxonomy of Educational Objectives -- Handbook 2: The Affective Domain_. Benjamin S. Bloom, ed. New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1956.

_Critical Thinking and Reasoning: A Handbook for Teachers_. Albany: The University of the State of New York, 1976

Gingerick, Owen. "The Galileo Affair." _American Scientific_. August, 1982, #247, p.132-138.

Maslow, A. H. _Motivation and Personality_. New York: Harper and Row, 1954.

Fallacies.

"Cla.s.sifying Fallacies Logically", Ludwig F. Schlecht, _Teaching Philosophy_, March, 1991, 14:1, p.53-65

Pospesel, Howard. _Argument -- Deductive Logic Exercises_. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1971.

Critical Thinking and Reasoning: a handbook for Teachers. Albany: SUNY, 1976.

Developing a Solution.

Gardner, Howard. _Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences_. New York: Basic Books, 1983.

Leadership Styles.

Fiedler, Fred E. "The Trouble With Leadership Training Is That it Doesn't Train Leaders." _Psychology Today_ 6 (February 1973): 23-30.

Goodall, H. Lloyd, Jr. _Small Group Communications in Organizations_.

2nd ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown, 1990.

Schultz, Beatrice G. _Communicating in the Small Group -- Theory and Practice_. New York: Harper and Row, 1989.