Rhetoric and Poetry in the Renaissance Part 19

[314] Edited from the edition of 1560 by G.H. Mair (Oxford, 1909), p. 198.

[315] _Ibid._, p. 3.

[316] "Docere debitum est, delectare honorarium, permovere necessarium."

_De optimo genere oratorum_, I, 3. He gives the same threefold aims as "ut probet, ut delectet, ut flectet," in the _Orator_, 69; and in the _De oratore_, II, 121.

[317] _Vide_ pp. 136-137.

[318] Cf. _ante_, I, iv.

[319] _Controv._ II, 2 (10). Bornecque ed., I, 145-148.

[320] Quoted by Padelford, p. 36.

[321] _Orat._ xi, p. 308.

[322] Padelford, _op. cit._ pp. 39-43.

[323] Karl Vossler, _Poetische Theorien in der italienischen Fruhrenaissance_ (Berlin, 1900), pp. 5, 18, 45.

[324] Boethius, _De consolatione philosophiae_, Book I, prose 1. Boethius lived 480-524. Cf. Skeat, _Chaucer_, II, introd. xiv ff. for references to the surprising number of translations in most European languages throughout the Middle Ages. The most famous are, perhaps, those of aelfred, Notker, and Chaucer.

[325] _Ibid_, Book V, prose v.

[326] "Quidam autem poetae Theologici dicti sunt, quoniam de diis carmina faciebant. Officium autem poetae in eo est ut ea, quae vere gesta sunt, in alias species obliquis figurationibus c.u.m decore aliquo conversa transducant." _Etym._ VIII, vii, 9-10.

[327] "Fabulas poetae quasdam delectandi causa finxerunt, quasdam ad naturam rerum, nonnullas ad mores hominum interpretati sunt." _Etym._ I, xl, 3.

[328] "Una verita ascosa sotto bella menzogna." II, 1.

[329] _Epistle_, X, 11, 160-1. Quoted by Wicksteed, _Temple Cla.s.sics_, pp.

66-67.

[330] "Vesta di figura o di colore rettorico." _La Vita Nuova_, XXV.

[331] See above, pp. 45-47.

[332] "Per nimpham fingitur caro, per iuvenem coruptorem mundus vel dyabolus, per proprium amic.u.m ratio." _Poetria magistri Johannis anglici de arte prosayca metrica et rithmica_. Ed. by G. Mari, Romanische Forschungen (1902) XIII, 894.

[333] "Est furor Eacides ire sathanas," _Ibid_, p. 913.

[334] See above, pp. 51-55.

[335] _Pastime of Pleasure_, p. 29.

[336] _Ibid._, p. 38.

[337] _Ibid._, p. 54; see further above, p. 54.

[338] Cf. ante, pp. 97-99.

[339] _Lit. Crit._, p. 47-59.

[340] _Ibid._, p. 58.

[341] I _a.n.a.l._ 1a.

[342] _Lit. Crit._, p. 25.

[343] Andre Schimberg, _L'education morale dans les colleges de la compagnie de Jesus en France_ (Paris, 1913). p. 138.

[344] _Opus de divisione, ordine, ac utilitate omnium scientiarum, in poeticen apologetic.u.m_. Autore fratre Hieronymo Savonarola (Venetiis, 1542), IV, pp. 36-55. Savonarola died in 1498.

[345] Cartier, "L'Esthetique de Savonarola," in Didron's _Annales Archoelogiques_ (1847). vii, 255 ff.

[346] "Rhetorica, Poeticaque contra: quod non adeo vere ac proprie Logicae appellantur, neque, syllogismo fere, sed exemplo atque enthymemate, rationibus quasi popularibus utuntur...." Poetic, furthermore, differs from rhetoric, "neque usurpat enthymema fere, sed exemplum." Vincentius Madius et Bartholomaeus Lombardus. In _Aristotelis Librum de poetica communes explanationes_ (Venetiis, 1550), pp. 8-9.

[347] "Onde come il loico usa per suo mezzo il piu n.o.bile strumento, ci e la dimostrazione o vero il sillogismo dimonstrativo; cosi usa il dialettico il sillogismo topico; il sofista il sofistico, ci e apparente ed ingannevole: il retore l'entimema, e il poeta l'esempio, il quale e il meno degno di tutti gli altri. e adunque il subbietto della poetica il favellare finto e favoloso, ed il suo mezzo o strumento l'esempio." _Delia Poetica in Generale, Lezione Una _ I, 2. _Opere_ (Trieste, 1850), II, 684.

In his paraphrase of this pa.s.sage and in his comments, Spingarn (_Lit.

Crit._ pp. 25-26) misunderstands both his author and his rhetoric when he says, "The subject of poetry is fiction, or invention, arrived at by means of that form of the syllogism known as the example. Here the enthymeme or example, which Aristotle has made the instrument of rhetoric, becomes the instrument of poetry."

[348] _Rhet._ I, ii.

[349] "Nimirum arbitrantur, quemadmodum Rhetorice ab Aristotele ipso appellatur particula Dialecticae; idque propterea, quod doceat rationem, qua enthymema applicetur ad materiam civilem: ita & Poeticen esse Logices partem, quia aperit exempli usum in materia ficta ... at Rhetorice, & Poetice, non solum docere student, sed etiam delectare; nec cognitionem tantum spectant, sed & actionem. Quamquam vero hoc commune habet c.u.m Rhetorica, quod utraque sit famula Politicae." Gerardi Joannis Vossii, _De artis poeticae, natura, ac const.i.tutions liber_, cap VII, in _Opera_ (Amsterdam, 1697), III.

[350] "Inductio delectat, et est vulgo apta, propter similitudines et exempla. Hanc argumentationem frequentant Rhetores et Poetae, praesertim Ovidius; quia venuste ac perspicue explicat argumenta." I, ii.

[351] _Vide_, pp. 103-104.

[352] _Vide_, pp. 119-120.

[353] _Poetica_ (Vinegia, 1536), p. 25. Spingarn, p. 48.

[354] "Sic dicere versibus, ut doccat, ut delectet, ut moveat." _De poeta_, p. 102.

[355] _Rhetoric_, I, ii.

[356] XII, i, 1.

[357] _De poeta_, p. 79. Vossius echoes the same idea from the same rhetorical source.

[358] "Sed & docendi, & movendi, & delectandi." _Poetice_ (1561), III, xcvii.

[359] _Ibid._, I, i.

[360] _Arte of Rhet._ p. 176.

[361] These two names were frequently connected in the renaissance.