Latin for Beginners Part 5

<46.>> We may now complete the translation of the sentence _The sailor announces the flight to the farmers_, and we have

>

<47.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 283.

_Point out the direct and indirect objects and the genitive of the possessor._

I. 1. Quis nautis pecuniam dat? 2. Filiae agricolae nautis pecuniam dant. 3. Quis fortunam pugnae nuntiat? 4. Galba agricolis fortunam pugnae nuntiat. 5. Cui domina fabulam narrat? 6. Filiae agricolae domina fabulam narrat. 7. Quis Dianae coronam dat? 8. Puella Dianae coronam dat quia Dianam amat. 9. Dea lunae sagittas portat et feras silvarum necat.

10. Cuius victoriam Galba nuntiat? 11. Nautae victoriam Galba nuntiat.

Imitate the word order of the preceding exercise.

II. 1. To whom do the girls give a wreath? 2. The girls give a wreath to Julia, because Julia loves wreaths. 3. The sailors tell the ladies[2] a story, because the ladies love stories. 4. The farmer gives his (--22.a) daughter water. 5. Galba announces the cause of the battle to the sailor. 6. The G.o.ddess of the moon loves the waters of the forest. 7. Whose wreath is Latona carrying? Diana's.

[Footnote 2: Observe that in English the indirect object often stands without a preposition _to_ to mark it, especially when it precedes the direct object.]

LESSON VI

FIRST PRINCIPLES (_Continued_)

[Special Vocabulary]

ADJECTIVES >, _good_ >, _pleasing_ >, _large, great_ >, _bad, wicked_

>, _small, little_

>, _beautiful, pretty_ >, _alone_

NOUNS ancil'la, _maidservant_ Iulia, _Julia_

ADVERBS[A]

>, _why_ >, _not_

p.r.o.nOUNS >, _my_; >, _thy, your_ (possesives) >, interrog. p.r.o.noun, nom. and acc. sing., _what?_

<-ne>>, the question sign, an enc.l.i.tic (--16) added to the first word, which, in a question, is usually the verb, as >, _he is_; >? _is he?_ Of course <-ne>> is not used when the sentence contains >, >, or some other interrogative word.

[Footnote A: An _adverb_ is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb; as, She sings _sweetly_; she is _very_ talented; she began to sing _very early_.]

<48.>> > Another case, lacking in English but found in the fuller Latin declension, is the _ab'la-tive._

<49.>> When the nominative singular ends in <-a>>, the ablative singular ends in <-a>> and the ablative plural in <-is>>.

_a._ Observe that the final -a of the nominative is short, while the final -a of the ablative is long, as,

_Nom._ filia _Abl._ filia

_b._ Observe that the ablative plural is like the dative plural.

_c._ Form the ablative singular and plural of the following nouns: >, >, >, >,

>, >, >.

<50.>> > The ablative case is used to express the relations conveyed in English by the prepositions _from_, _with_, _by_, _at_, _in_. It denotes

1. That from which something is separated, from which it starts, or of which it is deprived--generally translated by _from_.

2. That with which something is a.s.sociated or by means of which it is done--translated by _with_ or _by_.

3. The place where or the time when something happens--translated by _in_ or _at_.

_a._ What ablative relations do you discover in the following?

In our cla.s.s there are twenty boys and girls. Daily at eight o'clock they come from home with their books, and while they are at school they read with ease the books written by the Romans.

By patience and perseverance all things in this world can be overcome.

<51.>>

> While, as stated above (--41), many relations expressed in English by prepositions are in Latin expressed by case forms, still prepositions are of frequent occurrence, but only with the accusative or ablative.

<52.>> RULE.