Latin for Beginners Part 45

PARADIGM OF THE GERUND

CONJ. I CONJ. II CONJ. III CONJ. IV _Gen._ amandi monendi regendi capiendi audiendi _Dat._ amando monendo regendo capiendo audiendo _Acc._ amandum monendum regendum capiendum audiendum _Abl._ amando monendo regendo capiendo audiendo

_a._ Give the gerund of >, >, >, >, >.

_b._ Deponent verbs have the gerund of the active voice (see --493).

Give the gerund of >, >, >,

>,

>.

[Footnote 2: The gerund is the neuter singular of the future pa.s.sive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation.

(Cf. --374.d.)]

<404.>> > The gerundive is the name given to the future pa.s.sive participle (--374.d) when the participle approaches the meaning of a verbal noun and is translated like a gerund. It is the adjective corresponding to the gerund. For example, to translate _the plan of waging war_, we may use the gerund with its direct object and say >; or we may use the gerundive and say >, which means, literally, _the plan of the war to be waged_, but which came to have the same force as the gerund with its object, and was even preferred to it.

<405.>> Compare the following parallel uses of the gerund and gerundive:

GERUND GERUNDIVE _Gen._ > > _Dat._ > > _A place suitable for _A place suitable for fighting_ pitching camp_ _Acc._ > > _He sent hors.e.m.e.n to pursue_ _He sent hors.e.m.e.n to pursue the enemy_ _Abl._ > pueris placuit>> _The teacher pleased the _The teacher pleased the boys by telling stories_ boys by telling stories_

_a._ We observe

(1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective.

(2) That the gerund, being a noun, may stand alone or with an object.

(3) That the gerundive, being an adjective, is used only in agreement with a noun.

<406.>> RULE. >

1. _The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular. The constructions of these cases are in general the same as those of other nouns._

2. _The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition. Even in these instances the gerundive construction is more usual._

<407.>> RULE. > _The accusative of the gerund or gerundive with_ >[3] (= for the sake of), is used to express purpose._

GERUND GERUNDIVE > _They came to hear_ _They came to see the city_

[Footnote 3: > always _follows_ the genitive.]

NOTE. These sentences might, of course, be written with the subjunctive of purpose,-->; > In short expressions, however, the gerund and gerundive of purpose are rather more common.

<408.>> We have learned that the word denoting the owner or possessor of something is in the genitive, as, >, _Galba's horse._ If, now, we wish to express the idea _the horse is Galba's_, Galba remains the possessor, and hence in the genitive as before, but now stands in the predicate, as, >. Hence this is called the predicate genitive.

<409.>> RULE.

> _The possessive genitive often stands in the predicate, especially after the forms of >, and is then called the predicate genitive._

<410.>> IDIOMS

>, _to be eager for a revolution_ (lit. _to be eager for new things_) >, _very skillful in the art of war_ >, _themselves and all their possessions_

<411.>> EXERCISES

I. 1. Caesar c.u.m in Gallia bellum gereret, militibus decimae legionis maxime favit quia rei militaris peritissimi erant. 2. Sociis negotium dedit rei frumentariae curandae. 3. Legati non solum audiendi causa sed etiam dicendi causa venerunt. 4. Imperator iussit exploratores loc.u.m idoneum munindo reperire. 5. Nuper hae gentes novis rebus studebant; mox iis persuadebo ut Caesari se suaque omnia dedant. 6. Iubere est reginae[4] et parere est mult.i.tudinis.[4] 7. Hoc proelio facto quidam ex hostibus ad pacem petendam venerunt. 8. Erant qui arma tradere nollent.

9. Hostes tam celeriter progressi sunt ut spatium pila in hostis iaciendi non daretur. 10. Spatium neque arma capiendi[5] neque auxili petendi[5] datum est.

II. 1. These ornaments [6]belong to Cornelia. 2. Men very skillful in the art of war were sent [7]to capture the town. 3. The scouts found a hill suitable for fortifying very near to the river. 4. Soon the cavalry will come [8]to seek supplies. 5. The mind of the Gauls is eager for revolution and for undertaking wars. 6. To lead the line of battle [9]belongs to the general. 7. [10]Whom shall we employ to look after the grain supply?

[Footnote 4: Predicate genitive.]

[Footnote 5: Which of these expressions is gerund and which gerundive?]

[Footnote 6: _belong to_ = _are of_.]

[Footnote 7: Use the gerundive with

[Footnote 8: Use the genitive with >. Where should > stand?]

[Footnote 9: Compare the first sentence.]

[Footnote 10: Compare the second sentence in the Latin above.]

LESSON LXXII

THE IRREGULAR VERB _EO_ INDIRECT STATEMENTS

<412.>> Learn the princ.i.p.al parts and the conjugation of >, _go_ (--499).

_a._ Notice that >, the root of >, is changed to > before a vowel, excepting in >, the nominative of the present participle. In the perfect system <-v->> is regularly dropped.

[ Conjugation given in --499:

PRINc.i.p.aL PARTS > (n. perf. part.) PRES. STEM i- PERF. STEM i- or iv- PART. STEM it-

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE SING. PLUR.

_Pres._ eo imus eam _2d Pers._ i ite is itis it eunt _Impf._ ibam irem _Fut._ ibo ---- _2d Pers._ ito itote _3d Pers._ ito eunto _Perf._ ii (ivi) ierim (iverim) _Plup._ ieram (iveram) issem (ivissem) _F. P._ iero (ivero)

INFINITIVE _Pres._ ire _Perf._ isse (ivisse) _Fut._ iturus, -a, -um esse

PARTICIPLES _Pres._ iens, _gen._ euntis (--472) _Fut._ iturus, -a, -um _Ger._ eundum

GERUND _Gen._ eundi _Dat._ eundo _Acc._ eundum _Abl._ eundo

SUPINE _Acc._ [[itum]]

_Abl._ [[itu]] ]

<413.>> Learn the meaning and princ.i.p.al parts of the following compounds of > with prepositions:

>, _go forth_, with > or > and the ablative of the place from which >, _begin, enter upon_, with the accusative >, _return_, with > and the accusative of the place to which >, _cross_, with the accusative

<414.>> > Direct statements are those which the speaker or writer makes himself or which are quoted in his exact language. Indirect statements are those reported in a different form of words from that used by the speaker or writer. Compare the following direct and indirect statements:

{ 1. The Gauls are brave Direct statements { 2. The Gauls were brave { 3. The Gauls will be brave