Latin for Beginners Part 37

_c._ The hundreds above one hundred are declined like the plural of >; as,

ducenti, -ae, -a ducentorum, -arum, -orum etc. etc. etc.

<330.>> We have already become familiar with sentences like the following:

> _Of all birds the eagle is the swiftest_ > _This oracle was the most famous of all_

In such sentences the genitive denotes the whole, and the word it modifies denotes a part of that whole. Such a genitive, denoting the whole of which a part is taken, is called a

>.

<331.>> RULE.

> _Words denoting a part are often used with the genitive of the whole, known as the

>._

_a._ Words denoting a part are especially p.r.o.nouns, numerals, and other adjectives. But cardinal numbers excepting > regularly take the ablative with > or > instead of the part.i.tive genitive.

_b._ >, _a thousand_, in the singular is usually an indeclinable adjective (as, >, _a thousand soldiers_), but in the plural it is a declinable noun and takes the part.i.tive genitive (as, >, _ten thousand soldiers_).

EXAMPLES:

> _The bravest of these are the Germans_ > _Ten thousand_ (lit. _thousands_) _of the enemy were slain_ > _One of the captives was the king's sister_

<332.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.

I. 1. Caesar maximam partem aedificiorum incendit. 2. Magna pars munitionis aqua fluminis deleta est. 3. Galli huius regionis quinque milia hominum coegerant. 4. Duo ex meis fratribus eundem rumorem audiverunt. 5. Quis Romanorum erat clarior Caesare? 6. Quinque cohortes ex illa legione castra quam fortissime defendebant. 7. Hic locus aberat aequo spatio[1] ab castris Caesaris et castris Germanorum. 8. Caesar simul atque pervenit, plus commeatus ab sociis postulavit. 9. Nonne mercatores magnitudinem insulae cognoverant? Longitudinem sed non lat.i.tudinem cognoverant. 10. Pauci hostium obtinebant collem quem exploratores nostri viderunt.

II. 1. I have two brothers, and one of them lives at Rome. 2. Caesar stormed that very town with three legions. 3. In one hour he destroyed a great part of the fortification. 4. When the enemy could no longer[2]

defend the gates, they retreated to a hill which was not far distant.[3]

5. There three thousand of them bravely resisted the Romans.[4]

[Footnote 1: Ablative of the measure of difference.]

[Footnote 2: Not >. Why?]

[Footnote 3: Latin, _was distant by a small s.p.a.ce._]

[Footnote 4: Not the accusative.]

LESSON LIX

NUMERALS (_Continued_) THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT

[Special Vocabulary]

>, _the van_; >, _the rear_ > and <-que>> >, n., _council, a.s.sembly_ >, m., _the Helvetii_, a Gallic tribe

>, m., _a pace_, five Roman feet; >, _a thousand (of) paces_, a Roman mile >, _for this reason, for what reason_ >, n., _earth-works, rampart_

>, _fall_ (decadence) >, _surrender, give up_; with a reflexive p.r.o.noun, _surrender one's self, submit_, with the dative of the indirect object

>, _press hard, hara.s.s_ >, _annoy, ravage_ (vex)

<333.>> Learn the first twenty of the ordinal numerals (--478). The ordinals are all declined like >.

<334.>> The distributive numerals are declined like the plural of >. The first three are

>, _one each, one by one_ >, _two each, two by two_ >, _three each, three by three_

<335.>> We have learned that, besides its use as object, the accusative is used to express s.p.a.ce relations not covered by the ablative. We have had such expressions as

>, _for a great many years_;

>, _for a whole day_. Here the s.p.a.ce relation is one of _extent of time_. We could also say

>, _for ten feet_, where the s.p.a.ce relation is one of _extent of s.p.a.ce_. While this is correct Latin, the usual form is to use the accusative with no preposition, as,

>, _the man ran for a whole day_ >, _Caesar moved the wall ten feet_

<336.>> RULE.

_a._ This accusative answers the questions _how long? how far?_

_b._ Distinguish carefully between the accusative of time _how long_ and the ablative of time _when_, or _within which._

Select the accusatives of time and s.p.a.ce and the ablatives of time in the following:

When did the general arrive? He arrived at two o'clock. How long had he been marching? For four days. How far did he march? He marched sixty-five miles. Where has he pitched his camp? Three miles from the river, and he will remain there several days. The wall around the camp is ten feet high. When did the war begin? In the first year after the king's death.

<337.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 298.

I. _Caesar in Gaul_. Caesar bellum in Gallia septem annos gessit. Primo anno Helvetios vicit, et eodem anno multae Germanorum gentes ei sese dediderunt. Multos iam annos Germani Gallos vexabant[1] et duces Germani copias suas trans Rhenum saepe traducebant.[1] Non singuli veniebant, sed multa milia hominum in Galliam contendebant. Qua de causa principes Galliae concilium convocaverunt atque statuerunt legates ad Caesarem mittere. Caesar, simul atque hunc rumorem audivit, copias suas sine mora coegit. Prima luce fort.i.ter c.u.m Germanis proelium commisit. Totum diem acriter pugnatum est. Caesar ipse a dextro cornu acicm duxit. Magna pars exercitus Germani cecidit. Post magnam caedem pauci multa milia pa.s.suum ad flumen fugerunt.

II. 1. Caesar pitched camp two miles from the river. 2. He fortified the camp with a ditch fifteen feet wide and a rampart nine feet high. 3. The camp of the enemy was a great way off (was distant by a great s.p.a.ce).

4. On the next day he hastened ten miles in three hours. 5. Suddenly the enemy with all their forces made an attack upon (> _with acc._) the rear. 6. For two hours the Romans were hard pressed by the barbarians.

7. In three hours the barbarians were fleeing.

[Footnote 1: Translate as if pluperfect.]

LESSON LX

DEPONENT VERBS

[Special Vocabulary]

>, abl. of >, _for the sake of, because of_. Always stands _after_ the gen. which modifies it >, adv., _nearly, almost_ >, f., _opinion, supposition, expectation_ >, f. (lit. _the grain affair_), _grain supply_ >, m., _fear_. Cf. > >, adv., _from all sides_

>, _attempt, try_ >, _move out, disembark_;

>, _move forward, advance_ (egress, progress) >, _delay_ >, _arise, spring; begin; be born_ (_from_) (origin)

>, _set out_ >, _return_ (revert). The forms of this verb are usually active, and not deponent, in the perfect system. Perf. act., > >, _follow_ (sequence). Note the following compounds of > and the force of the different prefixes: > (_follow with_), _overtake_; > (_follow against_), _pursue_; > (_follow under_), _follow close after_

<338.>> A number of verbs are pa.s.sive in form but active in meaning; as, >, _I encourage_; >, _I fear_. Such verbs are called > because they have laid aside (>, _to lay aside_) the active forms.

_a._ Besides having all the forms of the pa.s.sive, deponent verbs have also the future active infinitive and a few other active forms which will be noted later. (Sec----375, 403.b.)

<339.>> The princ.i.p.al parts of deponents are of course pa.s.sive in form, as,

Conj. I >, _encourage_ Conj. II >, _fear_ Conj. III (_a_) >, _follow_ (_b_)

>, _suffer, allow_ Conj. IV

>, _share, divide_