Latin for Beginners Part 25

II. 1. The girl began daily to carry water from the river to the gates.

2. The Gauls had pitched their camp in a place suitable for a battle.

3. For a long time they tried in vain to seize the redoubt. 4. Neither did they cease to hurl weapons against[3] the walls. 5. But they were not able to (could not) take the town.

[Footnote 1: Supply _men_. >, >, and > are often used as nouns in this way.]

[Footnote 2: Not _children_. The Romans used > either as an adjective, meaning _free_, or as a noun, meaning _the free_, thereby signifying their _free-born children_. The word was never applied to children of slaves.]

[Footnote 3: > with the accusative.]

<218.>> THE FAITHLESS TARPE'IA

Sabini olim c.u.m Romanis bellum gerebant et multas victorias reportaverant. Iam agros proximos muris vastabant, iam oppido adpropinquabant. Romani autem in Capitolium fugerant et longe periculo aberant. Muris validis et saxis altis credebant. Frustra Sabini tela iaciebant, frustra portas duras petebant; castellum occupare non poterant. Deinde novum consilium ceperunt.[4]

Tarpeia erat puella Romana pulchra et superba. Cotidie aquam copiis Romanis in Capitolium portabat. Ei[5] non nocebant Sabini, quod ea sine armis erat neque Sabini bellum c.u.m feminis liberisque gerebant. Tarpeia autem maxime amabat ornamenta auri. Cotidie Sabinorum ornamenta videbat et mox ea desiderare incipiebat. Ei unus ex[6] Sabinis dixit, "Duc copias Sabinas intra portas, Tarpeia, et maxima erunt praemia tua."

[Footnote 4: >, _to make a plan_. Why is the _perfect_ tense used here and the imperfect in the preceding sentences? Explain the use of tenses in the next paragraph.]

[Footnote 5: Dative with >. (Cf. --154.)]

[Footnote 6: >, _out of_, i.e. _from the nuumber of_; best translated _of_.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: TARPEIA PUELLA PERFIDA]

LESSON x.x.xVIII

THE RELATIVE p.r.o.nOUN AND THE INTERROGATIVE p.r.o.nOUN

<219.>> Sentences are _simple, compound_, or _complex_.

_a._ A _simple sentence_ is a sentence containing but one statement, that is, one subject and one predicate: _The Romans approached the town._

_b._ A _compound sentence_ is a sentence containing two or more independent statements: _The Romans approached the town_ and _the enemy fled._

NOTE. An independent statement is one that can stand alone; it does not depend upon another statement.

_c._ A _complex sentence_ is a sentence containing one independent statement and one or more dependent statements: _When the Romans approached the town the enemy fled._

NOTE. A dependent or subordinate statement is one that depends on or qualifies another statement; thus _the enemy fled_ is independent, and _when the Romans approached the town_ is dependent or subordinate.

_d._ The separate statements in a compound or complex sentence are called _clauses_. In a complex sentence the independent statement is called the _main clause_ and the dependent statement the _subordinate clause._

<220.>> Examine the complex sentence

_The Romans killed the men who were taken_

Here are two clauses:

_a._ The main clause, _The Romans killed the men_

_b._ The subordinate clause, _who were taken_

The word _who_ is a p.r.o.noun, for it takes the place of the noun _men_.

It also connects the subordinate clause _who were taken_ with the noun _men_. Hence the clause is an _adjective clause_. A p.r.o.noun that connects an _adjective clause_ with a substantive is called a _relative p.r.o.noun_, and the substantive for which the relative p.r.o.noun stands is called its _antecedent_. The relative p.r.o.nouns in English are _who, whose, whom, which, what, that_.

<221.>> The relative p.r.o.noun in Latin is >, >, >, and it is declined as follows:

SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ > > > > > > _Gen._ > > > > > > _Dat._ > > > > > > _Acc._ > > > > > > _Abl._ > > > > > >

1. Review the declension of >, --114, and note the similarity in the endings. The forms >, >, and > are the only forms showing new endings.

NOTE. The genitive > and the dative > are p.r.o.nounced _co?oi'yo?os_ (two syllables) and _co?oi_ (one syllable).

<222.>> >[1]

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ _who, that_ _which, what, that_ _Gen._ _of whom, whose_ _of which, of what, whose_ _Dat._ _to_ or _for whom_ _to_ or _for which_, _to_ or _for what_ _Acc._ _whom, that_ _which, what, that_ _Abl._ _from_, etc., _whom_ _from_, etc., _which_ or _what_

[Footnote 1: This table of meanings need not be memorized. It is inserted for reference when translating.]

_a._ We see from the table above that >, when it refers to a person, is translated by some form of _who_ or by _that_; and that when it refers to anything else it is translated by _which, what_, or _that_.

<223.>> Note the following sentences:

_The Romans killed the men who were taken_ _The Romans killed the woman who was taken_ > >

In the first sentence _who_ (>) refers to the antecedent _men_ (>), and is _masculine plural_. In the second, _who_ (>) refers to _woman_ (>), and _feminine singular_. From this we learn that the relative must agree with its antecedent in _gender_ and _number_. In neither of the sentences are the antecedents and relatives in the same case. > and > are accusatives, and > and > are nominatives, being the subjects of the subordinate clauses.

Hence

<224.>> RULE.

<225.>> > An interrogative p.r.o.noun is a p.r.o.noun that asks a question. In English the interrogatives are _who?_ _which?_ _what?_ In Latin they are > > (p.r.o.noun) and > > > (adjective).

<226.>> Examine the sentences

_a._ _Who is the man?_ > _b._ _What man is leading them?_ >

In _a_, _who_ is an interrogative _p.r.o.noun_. In _b_, _what_ is an interrogative _adjective_. Observe that in Latin >, > is the _p.r.o.noun_ and >, >, > is the _adjective_.

<227.>> 1. The interrogative adjective >, >, > is declined just like the relative p.r.o.noun. (See --221.)

2. The interrogative p.r.o.noun >, > is declined like >, >, > in the plural. In the singular it is declined as follows:

MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.

_Nom._ >, _who?_ >, _what? which?_ _Gen._ >, _whose?_ >, _whose?_ _Dat._ >, _to_ or _for whom?_ >, _to_ or _for_ _what_ or _which?_ _Acc._ >, _whom?_ >, _what? which?_ _Abl._ >, _from_, etc., _whom?_ >, _from_, etc., _which_ or _what?_

NOTE. Observe that the masculine and feminine are alike and that all the forms are like the corresponding forms of the relative, excepting quis and quid.