Latin for Beginners Part 11

_d._ Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf.

--22.a.) This is especially true of >, which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our _his own, her own_, etc.

<99.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.

I. 1. Marcus amico s.e.xto consilium suum nuntiat 2. Est copia frumenti in agris nostris. 3. Amici mei bonam cenam ancillae vestrae laudant 4. Tua lorica, mi fili, est dura. 5. Scuta nostra et tela, mi amice, in castrls Romanis sunt. 6. Suntne viri patriae tuae liberi? Sunt. 7. Ubi, Corneli, est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea galea, s.e.xte, est in casa mea. 9. Pilum longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus. 10. Iulia gallinas suas pulchras amat et gallinae dominam suam amant. 11. Nostra castra sunt vestra.

12. Est copia praedae in castris vestris. 13. Amici tui miseris et aegris cib.u.m et pecuniam saepe dant.

II. 1. Our teacher praises Mark's industry. 2. My son s.e.xtus is carrying his booty to the Roman camp.[1] 3. Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.[2] 4. There are [3] frequent battles in our villages.

5. My son, where is the lieutenant's food? 6. The camp is mine, but the weapons are yours.

[Footnote 1: Not the dative. Why?]

[Footnote 2: Here the adjectives _sick_ and _wretched_ are used like nouns.]

[Footnote 3: Where should > stand? Cf. I. 2 above.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: AGRICOLA ARAT]

LESSON XV

THE ABLATIVE DENOTING _WITH_

[Special Vocabulary]

NOUNS >, m., _cart, wagon_ >, f., _want, lack;_ the opposite of > >, n., _zeal, eagerness_ (study)

ADJECTIVES >, _week, feeble_ (infirm) vali'dus, -a, -um, _strong, st.u.r.dy_

VERB >, _he (she, it) hastens._ Cf. properat

ADVERB >, _already, now_

<-que>>, conjunction, _and_; an enc.l.i.tic (cf. --16) and always added to the _second_ of two words to be connected, as

<100.>> Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (--50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition _with_. This little word is not so simple as it looks.

It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by >. This will become clear from the following sentences:

_a._ Mark is feeble _with_ (_for_ or _because of_) want of food _b._ Diana kills the beasts _with_ (or _by_) her arrows _c._ Julia is _with_ s.e.xtus _d._ The men fight _with_ great steadiness

_a._ In sentence _a_, _with want_ (_of food_) gives the cause of Mark's feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the

>

_b._ In sentence _b_, _with_ (or _by_) _her arrows_ tells > Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the

>

_c._ In sentence _c_ we are told that Julia is not alone, but > s.e.xtus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition >, and the construction is called the

>

_d._ In sentence _d_ we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of >. This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with >, unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case > may be omitted. This construction is called the

>

<101.>> You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting _with_:

<102.>> RULE.

<103.>> RULE.

With what?_

N.B. > must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means.

<104.>> RULE. >. This answers the question With whom?_

<105.>> RULE. > is used to denote the manner of an action. > may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?_

<106.>> What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following pa.s.sage, and what question does each answer?

The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (_or_ by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther sh.o.r.e.

<107.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.

I. _The Romans prepare for War._ Romani, clarus Italiae populus, bellum parant. Ex agris suis, vicis, oppidisque magno studio viri validi ad arma properant. Iam legati c.u.m legionariis ex Italia ad Rhenum, fluvium Germaniae altum et latum, properant, et servi equis et carris cib.u.m frumentumque ad castra Romana portant. Inopia bonorum telorum infirmi sunt Germani, sed Romani armati galeis, loricis, scutis, gladiis, pilisque sunt validi.

II. 1. The st.u.r.dy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence. 2. s.e.xtus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears.

4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, s.e.xtus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galba's cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.

LESSON XVI

THE NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

<108.>> There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders:

MASC. FEM. NEUT.

_Gen._ -ius -ius -ius _Dat._ -i -i -i

Otherwise they are declined like >. Learn the list and the meaning of each:

>, _one, alone_; (in the plural) _only_ >, _any_ >, _none, no_ >, _alone_ >, _all, whole, entire_ >, _which?_ (of two) >, _neither_ (of two)