Introduction to the History of Religions Part 45

[613] On the position of the sun and moon in the later cults see below, Chap. VI.

[614] Teit, op. cit., p. 54.

[615] See the elaborate p.a.w.nee history of G.o.ds (Dorsey, _The Skidi p.a.w.nee_).

[616] See Chap. VI f.

[617] On the genesial (urano-chthonic) conception of the world in Polynesia see Tautain, in _Anthropologie_, vii (1896).

[618] Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 113.

[619] Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, i, 363; ii, 262.

[620] Ps. xxix, 3; xviii, 14, 15 [13, 14].

[621] _Iliad_, viii, 76 f.; xxi, 198, etc. The thunderbolt of Zeus is said in Hesiod, _Theogonia_, 140 f., to be forged by the Cyclops.

[622] Bastian, _Beitrage_; H. Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_ and _Principles of Ethics_; Grant Allen, _Evolution of the Idea of G.o.d_; Waitz-Gerland, _Anthropologie der Naturvolker_; Lippert, _Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums_; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_; Codrington, _The Melanesians_; Frazer, _Golden Bough_; Wilken, _Handleiding voor de Vergelykende Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie_; Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe_; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.vv. _Kings_, _Man-G.o.ds_; Religions of Egypt (Maspero, Meyer, Wiedemann, Breasted, Steindorff), Babylonia (Jastrow), India (Barth, Hopkins), China (De Groot), Greece (Gruppe), Rome (Auer), etc.

[623] _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 139 ff.

[624] Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 448.

[625] Monier-Williams, _Religious Life and Thought in India_, p. 259. See the cases mentioned by Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 522 n.

[626] For the doc.u.ments see Breasted, _Ancient Records of Egypt_.

[627] Rawlinson, _Egypt_, ii, 40 f., 84; Ed. Meyer, _Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens_, p. 252.

[628] When in a compound name the name of a G.o.d stands first, the determinative may refer simply to the G.o.d; it is evidence for the man only when it stands immediately before the nondivine element of the royal name. The inscriptions are given in Schrader, _Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek_, III, i; Thureau-Dangin, _Sumerisch-Akkadische Konigsinschriften_.

In the Code of Hammurabi (ca. 2000 B.C.) the king in one place (col. 5, ll. 4, 5) calls himself "the Shamash of Babylon," but this is of course a figure of speech; the code is given him by Shamash, the G.o.d of justice, and he a.s.sumes to be no less just than the G.o.d whom he here represents.

[629] For a different view see S. H. Langdon, article "Babylonian Eschatology" in _Essays in Modern Theology and Related Subjects_ (the C. A. Briggs memorial volume).

[630] Cf. the Chinese and j.a.panese views mentioned above.

Among the Mongols there seems to be no trace of such a cult (Buckley, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed.), but a similar one is found in Tibet in Lamaism.

[631] Ex. xxii, 28 [27]. Cursing the deity (that is, the national or the local G.o.d) is mentioned several times in the Old Testament. Eli's sons committed this offense (1 Sam.

iii, 13, corrected text), and Job feared that his sons might have been guilty of it (Job i, 5, where the old Jewish scribes, _causa reverentiae_, have changed "curse" into "bless,"--so also in i, 11; ii, 5, 9).

[632] _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 15 ff.

[633] 2 Sam. xiv, 17.

[634] Isa. ix, 6 [5].

[635] Ps. lviii, 1 [2]; lx.x.xii, 1, 6. This last pa.s.sage, however, is understood in John x, 34 f., to refer to Jewish men. The Hebrew text of Ps. xiv, 7 [6], is corrupt.

[636] De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_. This is the philosophical form of the dogma. The root of the conception is to be found, doubtless, in the old (savage) view that the chief of the tribe has quasi-divine attributes.

[637] Knox, _Religion in j.a.pan_, p. 64.

[638] In _Alexander_, 28. In the case of Alexander the influence of Egypt is apparent, and it may be suspected that this influence affected the later Greek and Roman custom.

[639] Appian, _De Rebus Syriacis_, lxv.

[640] Acts xii, 22.

[641] Boissier, _La religion romaine_ (1878), i, 131 ff.

[642] Suetonius, _Caligula_, xxii.

[643] On the demand for a universal religion in the Roman Empire, and the preparation in the earlier cults for the worship of the emperors, see J. Iverach's article "Caesarism"

in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_; Boissier, op. cit., bk. i, chap. ii.

[644] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, bk. iv, chap.

iii.

[645] See the story of the power and fall of a great muni in La.s.sen's _Anthologia Sanscritica_.

[646] So, many Christian and Moslem saints have been wonder-workers without being divinized.

[647] Monier-Williams, _Brahmanism and Hinduism_, p. 510 f.

[648] _Fortnightly Review_, 1872.

[649] Stair, _Samoa_, p. 221; article "Bengal" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_ (Brahmans often become evil spirits).

[650] _The Todas_, pp. 193, 203, 446.

[651] _The E?e-speaking Peoples_, p. 88 ff.

[652] Breasted, _Records of Ancient Egypt_.

[653] -- 357.

[654] Here, as in the case of the divinization of living men (-- 347 n., above), outside suggestion is probable.

[655] Cf. article "Caesarism" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[656] Boissier, _La religion romaine_, i, 182. An ill.u.s.tration of religious ideas in the third century is afforded by the enrollment of Caracalla among the heroes, a divinizing decree of the Senate having been extorted by the turbulent and mercenary soldiery (Dio Ca.s.sius, ed.

Boissevain [Eng. tr. by H. B. Foster], lxxix, 9).

[657] A. Muller, _Islam_, i, 494; W. Muir, _The Caliphate_, p. 553 ff.

[658] In Isa. lxiii, 16, 'Abraham' appears to be a synonym of 'Israel,' and the reference then is to the nonrecognition of certain Jews by the national leaders.

[659] The narratives of the Pentateuch; Herodotus, v, 66; Pausanias, i, 5, 1.