Humanistic Nursing Part 19

~existentialism.~ Philosophy based on phenomenological studies of reality; centers on the a.n.a.lysis of existence particularly of the individual human being, stresses the freedom and responsibility of the individual, regards human existence as not completely describable or understandable in idealistic or scientific terms.

~here and now.~ An individual's unique experience of his present spatial and temporal reality including his past experiences and expectations of the future.

~humanistic nursing.~ A theory and practice that rest on an existential philosophy, value experiencing and the evolving of the "new," and aim at phenomenological description of the art-science of nursing viewed as a lived intersubjective transactional experience; nursing seen within its human context.

~intersubjective.~ Pertaining to two or more human persons and their shared between; a relationship of two or more human beings in which each is the originator of human acts and responses. {122}

~lived dialogue.~ A form of existential intersubjective relating expressed in being with and doing with the other who is regarded as a presence (as opposed to an object); a lived call and response.

~lived world.~ The everyday world as it is experienced in the here and now.

~metanursing.~ A discipline designed to deal critically with nursing, ontological study of nursing; study of the phenomenon of nursing; a critical study of nursing within its human context.

~metatheoretical.~ Transcending theory; ontological inquiry from which theory may be derived.

~nursology.~ Study of the phenomenon of nursing aimed toward the development of nursing theory.

~phenomenology.~ The descriptive study of phenomena.

~phenomenon.~ An observable fact, event, occurrence or circ.u.mstance; an appearance or immediate object of awareness in experience. A phenomenon may be objective (that is, external to the person aware of it) or subjective (for example, a thought or feeling).

~prereflective experience.~ Primary awareness or perception of reality not yet thought about; spontaneous experience; immediate experience or perception.

~presence.~ A mode of being available or open in a situation with the wholeness of one's unique individual being; a gift of the self which can only be given freely, invoked, or evoked.

~transactional.~ An aware knowing of one's effect in a situation of which one is a part; an action that goes both ways between persons.

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SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

In addition to the extensive discussions that have been generated since the initial publication of Paterson and Zderad's _Humanistic Nursing_, the work has been formally cited and or discussed in the nursing literature. This selected bibliography was compiled by Helen Streubert, MSN, RN doctoral candidate and research a.s.sistant in the Department of Nursing Education, Teachers College/Columbia University, New York.

BOOKS

Chenitz, W. C. (1986). _From practice to grounded theory._ Menlo Park, California: Addison-Wesley.

Chinn, P. O., & Jacobs, M. K. (1983). _Theory and nursing._ St. Louis: Mosby Company.

Duldt, B. W. (1985). _Theoretical perspectives for nursing._ Boston: Little-Brown & Company.

Ellis, R. (1984). Philosophic inquiry. In H. H. Werley & J. J.

Fitzpatrick (Eds.), _Annual review of nursing research_ (pp. 211-228).

New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Fitzpatrick, J., & Whall, A. (1983). _Conceptual models of nursing: a.n.a.lysis application._ Bowie, Maryland: Brady Company.

Kleiman, S. (1986). Humanistic nursing: The phenomenological theory of Paterson and Zderad. In P. Winstead-Fry (Ed.), _Case studies in nursing theory_ (pp. 167-195). New York: National League for Nursing.

Leininger, M. (1985). Ethnography and ethnonursing models and modes of qualitative data a.n.a.lysis. In M. Leininger (Ed.), _Qualitative research methods in nursing_. Orlando, Florida: Grune & Stratton.

Meleis, A. I. (1985). Theoretical nursing: Development and progress.

Philadelphia: Lippincott. {124}

Moccia, P. (Ed.). (1986). _New approaches to theory development._ New York: National League for Nursing.

Munhall, P. L., & Oiler, C. J. (1986), _Nursing research: A qualitative perspective_. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Paterson, J. G. (1978). The tortuous way toward nursing theory. In _Theory development: What, why, how?_ (pp. 49-65). New York: National League for Nursing.

Phipps, W. J., Long, B. C., & Woods, N. F. (1987). _Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts and clinical practice_ (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Company.

Roy, C. (1984). _Introduction to nursing: An adaptation model_ (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Stevens, B. J. (1984). _Nursing theory: a.n.a.lysis, application, evaluation_ (2nd ed.). Boston: Little Brown Co.

Suppe, F., & Jac.o.x, A. (1985). Philosophy of science and the development of nursing theory. In H. H. Werley & J. J. Fitzpatrick (Eds.), _Annual review of nursing research_ (pp. 241-267). New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Zderad, L. T. (1978). From here-and-now to theory: Reflections on "how".

In _Theory development: What, why, how (pp. 35-48). New York: National League for Nursing_.

ARTICLES

Bael, E. D., & Lowry, B. J. (1987). Patient and situational factors that affect nursing students' like or dislike of caring for patient. _Nursing Research, 36_ (5), 298-302.

Beckstrand, J. (1980). A critique of several conceptions of practice theory in nursing. _Research in Nursing and Health, 3_, 69-79.

Bottorff, J. L., & D'cruz, J. V. (1984). Towards inclusive notions of patient and nurse. _Journal of Advanced Nursing, 9_ (6), 549-553.

Braun J. L., Baines, S. L., Olson, N. G., & Scruby, L. S. (1984).

_Health Values, 8_ (3), 12-15.

Brown, L. (1986). The experience of care: Patient perspectives. _Topics in Clinical Nursing, 8_ (2), 56-62.

Chenitz, W. C., & Swanson, J. M. (1984). Surfacing nursing process--A method for generating nursing theory from practice. _Journal of Advanced Nursing, 9_ (2), 205-215.

Drew, N. (1986). Exclusion and confirmation: A phenomenology of patients' experiences with caregivers. _Image, 18_ (2), 39-43.

Flaskerud, J. H. (1986). On toward a theory of nursing action skills and competency in nurse-patient interaction. _Nursing Research, 35_ (4), 250-252. {125}

King, E. C. (1984). Humanistic education: Theory and teaching strategies. _Nurse Education 8_ (4), 39-42.

Nahon, N. E. (1982). The relationship of self-disclosure, interpersonal dependency, and life changes to loneliness in young adults. _Nursing Research, 31_ (6), 343-347.