Graded Lessons in English Part 24

| _who has energy_, +Model+.--_Energetic; of energy_; + or | _who is energetic_.

An _energetic_ man will succeed. A man _of energy_ will succeed. A man who has _energy_ (or _who is energetic_) will succeed.

Honest, long-eared, beautiful, wealthy.

Expand each of the following _possessive nouns_ into

1. A phrase; 2. A clause;

and then use these three modifiers in three separate sentences.

+Model+.--_Saturn's rings_; the rings _of Saturn_; the rings _which surround Saturn_.

_Saturn's_ rings can be seen with a telescope. The _rings of Saturn_ can be seen with a telescope. The rings _which surround Saturn_ can be seen, with a telescope.

Absalom's hair; the hen's eggs; the elephant's tusks.

Change the following simple sentences into complex sentences by expanding the participial phrases into clauses.

The vessels carrying the blood from the heart are called arteries. The book prized above all other books is the Bible. Rivers rising west of the Rocky Mts. flow into the Pacific ocean. The guns fired at Concord were heard around the world.

+To the Teacher+.--For additional composition exercises with particular reference to adjective clauses, see Notes, p. 177.

LESSON 59.

COMPLEX SENTENCES.

THE ADVERB CLAUSE.

+Hints for Oral Instruction+.--You learned in Lesson 83 that an adverb can be expanded into an equivalent phrase; as, The book was _carefully_ read = The book was read _with care_.

We shall now learn that a phrase used as an adverb may be expanded into an +Adverb clause+. In the sentence, _We started at sunrise_, what phrase is used like an adverb? +P+.--_At sunrise_. +T+.--Expand this phrase into an equivalent clause, and give me the entire sentence. +P+.--We started _when the sun rose_.

+T+.--You see that the phrase, _at sunrise_, and the clause, _when the sun rose_, both modify _started_, telling the time of starting, and are therefore equivalent to adverbs. We will then call such clauses +Adverb Clauses+.

a.n.a.lysis and Parsing.

+Model.--+

We | started =========|============= ` when sun rose =======|========= the

+Explanation of the Diagram+.--The line which connects the two predicate lines pictures three things. It is made up of three parts. The upper part shows that _when_ modifies _started_; the lower part, that it modifies _rose_; and the dotted part shows that it _connects_.

+Oral a.n.a.lysis+.--This is a complex sentence, because ----; _We started_ is the independent clause, and _when the sun rose_ is the dependent clause.

_We_ is the subject of the independent clause, and _started_ is the predicate. The clause, _when the sun rose_, is a modifier of the predicate, because it tells when we started. _Started when the sun rose_ is the modified predicate.

_Sun_ is the subject of the dependent clause, and _rose_ is the predicate, and the is a modifier of _sun_; _the sun_ is the modified subject. _When_ modifies _rose_ and _started_, and connects the clause-modifier to the predicate _started_.

+Parsing+ of _when_.--_When_ is an adverb modifying the two verbs _started_ and _rose_, thus connecting the two clauses. It modifies these verbs by showing that the two actions took place at the same time.

1. The dew glitters when the sun shines.

2. Printing was unknown when Homer wrote the Iliad.

3. Where the bee sucks honey, the spider sucks poison.

4. Ah! few shall part where many meet.

5. Where the devil cannot come, he will send.

6. While the bridegroom tarried, they all slumbered and slept.

7. Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.

8. When the tale of bricks is doubled, Moses comes.

9. When I look upon the tombs of the great, every emotion of envy dies within me.

10. The upright man speaks as he thinks.

11. He died as the fool dieth.

12. The scepter shall not depart from Judah until Shiloh come.

LESSON 60.

SENTENCE-BUILDING.

ADVERB CLAUSES.

Expand each of the following phrases into an adverb clause, and fit this clause into a sentence of your own building.

+Model+.--_At sunset; when the sun set_. We returned _when the sun set_.

At the hour; on the playground; by moonlight; in youth; among icebergs; after school; at the forks of the road; during the day; before church; with my friend.

To each of the following independent clauses, join an adverb clause, and so make complex sentences.

---- Peter began to sink. The man dies ----. Gra.s.s grows ----. Iron ---- can easily be shaped. The rattlesnake shakes his rattle ----. ---- a nation mourns. Pittsburg stands ----. He dared to lead ----.

+To the Teacher+.--For additional composition exercises with particular reference to adverb clauses, see Notes, p. 177.

See COMPOSITION EXERCISES in the Supplement--Selection from the Brothers Grimm.

REVIEW QUESTIONS.

In what two ways may nouns be used as modifiers? Ill.u.s.trate. Nouns and p.r.o.nouns denoting possession may sometimes be changed into what?

Ill.u.s.trate. Give the rule for the punctuation of explanatory modifiers.

Into what may an adjective be expanded? Into what may a participial phrase be expanded? Give ill.u.s.trations. Give an example of a complex sentence. Of a clause. Of an independent clause. Of a dependent clause. Into what may a phrase used as an adverb be expanded? Ill.u.s.trate.