Founding America_ Documents From the Revolution to the Bill of Rights Part 24

For Further Reading Bailyn, Bernard. The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution. Enlarged edition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992. Pulitzer Prize-winning study of the sources of American political ideas and their impact on the Revolutionary crisis.

Berkin, Carol. A Brilliant Solution: Inventing the American Const.i.tution. New York: Harcourt, 1992. Snappy study of the framing and ratification of the Const.i.tution.

Bowen, Catherine Drinker. Miracle at Philadelphia: The Story of the Miracle at Philadelphia: The Story of the Const.i.tutional Convention, May to September 1787. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966. The best-known narrative account of the framing of the Const.i.tution. Const.i.tutional Convention, May to September 1787. Boston: Little, Brown, 1966. The best-known narrative account of the framing of the Const.i.tution.

Ferling, John. A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic American Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Broad survey of the Revolutionary era, from the Seven Years' War until Jefferson's election as president in 1801.

Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere's Ride. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Sparkling narrative of the outbreak of the Revolutionary War.

Goldwin, Robert A. From Parchment to Power: How James Madison Used the Bill of Rights to Save the Const.i.tution. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 1997. Traces Madison's role in making sure the Const.i.tution was amended to satisfy Anti-Federalist arguments about a bill of rights.

Jensen, Merrill. The New Nation: A History of the United States duiing the Confederation The New Nation: A History of the United States duiing the Confederation, 1781-1789. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1950. Standard account of the 1780s, written from the perspective of the Progressive historians.

Maier, Pauline. American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. Close study of the drafting of the Declaration in its immediate political context.

McDonald, Forrest. Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Const.i.tution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1985. Examines the impact of eighteenth-century ideas on the framing of the Const.i.tution.

Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789. Revised and expanded edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. Balanced interpretive survey of the Revolution, giving due attention to both its political and military aspects.

Morgan, Edmund Sears, and Helen M. Morgan. The Stamp Act Crisis : Prologue to Revolution Crisis : Prologue to Revolution. Revised edition. New York: Collier, 1963. A work that launched the modern reinterpretation of the Revolution, emphasizing the depth of the colonists' commitment to their political ideas.

Morris, Richard Brandon. The Forging of the Union, 1781-1789. New York: Harper and Row, 1987. Part of the famous New American Nation series.

Norton, Mary Beth. Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women Experience of American Women, 1750-1800. Second edition. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996. The most illuminating study of the impact of the Revolution on women's lives and place within society.

Rakove, Jack N. Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Const.i.tution Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Const.i.tution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Pulitzer Prize-winning account of the adoption of the Const.i.tution, framed to address the modern debate over interpreting it according to its "original intent."

Royster, Charles A. A Revolutionary People at War A. A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character Continental Army and American Character, 1775-1783. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Inst.i.tute of Early American History and Culture, 1979. Provocative interpretation of the meaning of the war to soldiers and civilians.

Wood, Gordon S. The American Revolution: A History. New York: Modern Library, 2002. Best short survey of the Revolution.

----. The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Inst.i.tute of Early American History and Culture, 1969. Brilliant path-breaking study of the const.i.tutional innovations that began with independence and culminated in the federal Const.i.tution.

List of Sources Note: In compiling this volume, the editors have altered or removed many of the editorial interventions made in the sources listed below.

THE IMPERIAL DISPUTE.

Page 5-Hutchinson, The Address of the Governor. Reprinted from: Reid, John P., ed. The The briefs of the American Revolution: const.i.tutional arguments between Thomas Hutchinson, Governor of Ma.s.sachusetts Bay, and James Bowdoin for the Council and John Adams for the House of Representatives. New York: New York University Press, 1981. Page 12-Franklin, Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One. Reprinted from: Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin, Writings. Edited by J.A. Leo Lemay. New York: Library of America, 1987. Page 20-Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America. Reprinted from: Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 1. Edited by Julian P. Boyd et al. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950. briefs of the American Revolution: const.i.tutional arguments between Thomas Hutchinson, Governor of Ma.s.sachusetts Bay, and James Bowdoin for the Council and John Adams for the House of Representatives. New York: New York University Press, 1981. Page 12-Franklin, Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One. Reprinted from: Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin, Writings. Edited by J.A. Leo Lemay. New York: Library of America, 1987. Page 20-Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America. Reprinted from: Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. 1. Edited by Julian P. Boyd et al. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950.

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.

Page 39-Declaration and Resolves. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904. Page 44-a.s.sociation. Reprinted from: Ford, Journals, vol. 1. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904. Page 44-a.s.sociation. Reprinted from: Ford, Journals, vol. 1.

SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.

Page 53-Declaration on Causes and Necessity of Taking Arms. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905. Page 59-Franklin, Plan of Confederation. Reprinted from: Ford, Journals, vol. 2. Causes and Necessity of Taking Arms. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 2. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905. Page 59-Franklin, Plan of Confederation. Reprinted from: Ford, Journals, vol. 2.

"REMEMBER THE LADIES"

Page 67-Adams, Abigail, Letter to John Adams. Reprinted from: b.u.t.terfield, L.H. et al., eds. Adams Family Correspondence. Vol. 1. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963. Page 70-Adams, John, Letter to Abigail Adams. Reprinted from: b.u.t.terfield, Adams, vol. 1. Page 72-Adams, John, Letter to James Sullivan. Reprinted from: Adams, John. Papers of John Adams. Vol. 4. Edited by Robert J. Taylor et al. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977. eds. Adams Family Correspondence. Vol. 1. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963. Page 70-Adams, John, Letter to Abigail Adams. Reprinted from: b.u.t.terfield, Adams, vol. 1. Page 72-Adams, John, Letter to James Sullivan. Reprinted from: Adams, John. Papers of John Adams. Vol. 4. Edited by Robert J. Taylor et al. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977.

INVENTING A REPUBLIC.

Page 79-Adams, John, Thoughts on Government Thoughts on Government. Reprinted from: Adams, Papers Papers, vol. 4. Page 87-Resolutions of the Continental Congress Continental Congress (excerpt), May 10, 1776. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906. Page 87-Resolutions of the Continental Congress (excerpt), May 15, 1776. Reprinted from: Ford, Journals, vol. 4. Page 88-Virginia Declaration of Rights. Reprinted from: Mason, George. The Papers of George Mason. Vol. 1. Edited by Robert A. Rutland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970. Page 90-Virginia Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas (excerpt), May 10, 1776. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906. Page 87-Resolutions of the Continental Congress (excerpt), May 15, 1776. Reprinted from: Ford, Journals, vol. 4. Page 88-Virginia Declaration of Rights. Reprinted from: Mason, George. The Papers of George Mason. Vol. 1. Edited by Robert A. Rutland. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970. Page 90-Virginia Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Jefferson, Thomas. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson. Edited by Julian P. Boyd et al. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950. Page 97-Pennsylvania Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Thorpe, Francis Newton, ed. Edited by Julian P. Boyd et al. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1950. Page 97-Pennsylvania Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Thorpe, Francis Newton, ed. The Federal and State Const.i.tutions The Federal and State Const.i.tutions. Vol. 5. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1909. Page 113-Concord Town Meeting Resolutions. Reprinted from: Handlin, Mary and Oscar Handlin, eds. The Popular Sources of Political Authority: Doc.u.ments on the Ma.s.sachusetts Const.i.tution The Popular Sources of Political Authority: Doc.u.ments on the Ma.s.sachusetts Const.i.tution of 1780. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966. of 1780. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1966.

INDEPENDENCE.

Page 117-Jefferson, Notes of Proceedings in Congress, June 7-28, 1776. Reprinted from: Smith, Paul H. et al., eds. Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789. Vol. 4. Smith, Paul H. et al., eds. Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1979. Page 122-Jefferson, Notes of Proceedings in Congress, July 1-4, 1776. Reprinted from: Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1979. Page 122-Jefferson, Notes of Proceedings in Congress, July 1-4, 1776. Reprinted from: Smith, Letters Smith, Letters, vol. 4. Page 129-d.i.c.kinson, Notes for a Speech Opposing Independence. Reprinted from: Smith, Letters, vol. 4. Page 134-Adams, John, Letter to Abigail Adams. Reprinted from: Smith, Letters, vol. 4. Page 136-The Declaration of Independence. Reprinted from: Tansill, Charles C., ed. Doc.u.ments lll.u.s.trative of the Formation of the Union of the American States. Washington, D.C.: Doc.u.ments lll.u.s.trative of the Formation of the Union of the American States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927. Government Printing Office, 1927.

DRAFTING THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.

Page 145-Jefferson, Notes of Proceedings in Congress, July 12-August 1, 1776. Reprinted from: Smith, Letters, vol. 4. Page 154-Articles as Approved, August 20, 1776. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 5. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1906. Page 160-Articles as Approved, November 15, 1777. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 9. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1907.

REFORMING THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.

Page 173-Schuyler, Letter to Pierre Van Cortlandt and Evert Bancker. Reprinted from: Burnett, Edmund C., ed. Letters of Members of the Continental Congress Continental Congress. Vol. 5. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Inst.i.tute of Washington, 1931. Page 176-Hamiton, Letter to James Duane. Reprinted from: Hamilton, Alexander. The Papers of Alexander Hamilton The Papers of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 2. Edited by Harold C. Syrett et al. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961. Page 194-Impost Amendment Proposed by Congress. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 19. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1912. Page 194-Morris, Report on Public Credit. Reprinted from: Morris, Robert. The Papers of Robert Morris. Vol. 6. Edited by John Catanzariti et al. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1984. Page 213-Revenue Amendments Proposed by Congress. Reprinted from: Ford, Journals, vol. 19. Page 217-Commercial Amendments Proposed by Congress. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 26. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1928. Page 218-Amendments Considered by Congress. Reprinted from: Ford, Worthington Chauncey, ed. Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 3l.Washington Journals of the Continental Congress. Vol. 3l.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1934. Page 223-The Northwest Ordinance. Reprinted from: Tansill, Doc.u.ments.

GEORGE WASHINGTON.

Page 233-Washington, Speech to the Officers of the Army. Reprinted from: Washington, George. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Ma.n.u.script Sources, 1745-1799. Vol. 26. Edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938. Page 237-Shaw, Letter to the Rev. Eliot. Reprinted from: Shaw, Samuel. The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw. Boston: W.M. Crosby and H.P Nichols, 1847. Page 240-Washington, Circular to the State Governments. Reprinted from: Washington, Writings, vol. 26. Page 250-Washington, Letter to James Duane. Reprinted from: Washington, George. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Ma.n.u.script The Writings of George Washington from the Original Ma.n.u.script Sources, 1745-1799. Vol. 27. Edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938. Page 256-Washington, Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States. Reprinted from: Washington, Writings, vol. 27. Sources, 1745-1799. Vol. 27. Edited by John C. Fitzpatrick. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1938. Page 256-Washington, Farewell Address to the Armies of the United States. Reprinted from: Washington, Writings, vol. 27.

POLITICAL REFORMERS.

Page 263-Jefferson, Excerpts from Notes on the States of Virginia. Reprinted from: Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. New York: Harper & Row, 1964/Page 294-Madison, A Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious a.s.sessments A Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious a.s.sessments. Reprinted from: Madison, James. Religious Freedoms, a Memorial and Remonstrance Madison, James. Religious Freedoms, a Memorial and Remonstrance. Boston: Lincoln & Edmands, 1819. Page 301-Jefferson, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Reprinted from: Peterson, Merrill D. and Robert C. Vaughan, eds. The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: Its Evolution and Consequences in American History. Cambridge Its Evolution and Consequences in American History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

THE ROAD TO PHILADELPHIA.

Page 307-Madison, Letter to James Monroe. Reprinted from: Madison, James. The Writings of James Madison The Writings of James Madison. Vol. 2. Edited by Gaillard Hunt. New York: G.P Putnam's Sons, 1901. Page 308-Rush, Address to the People of the United States (excerpt). Reprinted from: Kaminski, John P. et al, eds. The Doc.u.mentary History of the Ratification of the Const.i.tution. Vol. 13. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 2000. Page 313-Hamilton, Address of the Annapolis Convention. Reprinted from: Hamilton, Alexander. The Works of Alexander Hamilton. Vol. 1. Edited by Henry Cabot Lodge. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 316-Resolutions of Congress. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, vol. 13.. Page 317-Madison, Vices of the Political System of the United States. Reprinted from: Madison, Writings, vol. 2. Page 324-Madison, Letter to George Washington. Reprinted from: Madison, Writings, vol. 2.

RIVAL VISIONS OF UNION.

Page 335-Randolph Introduces the Virginia Plan. Reprinted from: Farrand, Max, ed. The Records of the Federal Convention Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. Page 339-Paterson Introduces the New Jersey Plan. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 343-Hamilton Discusses the Two Proposed Plans. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 352-Madison Discusses the Plans. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 359-Ellsworth Discusses Questions of Representation. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 361-Wilson, Ellsworth, and Madison Debate. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 366--General Debate. Reprinted from: Farrand, Max, ed. The of 1787. Vol. 1. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. Page 339-Paterson Introduces the New Jersey Plan. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 343-Hamilton Discusses the Two Proposed Plans. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 352-Madison Discusses the Plans. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 359-Ellsworth Discusses Questions of Representation. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 361-Wilson, Ellsworth, and Madison Debate. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 1. Page 366--General Debate. Reprinted from: Farrand, Max, ed. The Records of the Federal Convention Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911. of 1787. Vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911.

GETTING DOWN TO DETAILS.

Page 371-Resolutions Adapted by Convention. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 374-Draft Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 386-Debate on War Power. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 387-Debate on Treaty Power. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 390-Objections of Randolph, Mason, and Gerry. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 392-Franklin, Concluding Appeal for Unanimity. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2.

THE CONSt.i.tUTION.

Page 397-Const.i.tution of the United States. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. 646List of Sources Page 410-Concluding Resolution for Ratification. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 411-Washington, Letter of Conveyance to Congress. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 410-Concluding Resolution for Ratification. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2. Page 411-Washington, Letter of Conveyance to Congress. Reprinted from: Farrand, Records, vol. 2.

A MORE PERFECT UNION.

Page 415-Madison, Letter to George Washington. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, vol. 13. Page 417-Hamilton, Conjectures About the Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, vol. 13. Page 420-Lee, Letter to George Mason. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, vol. 13. Mason. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, vol. 13. Page 422-Wilson, Speech on Page 422-Wilson, Speech on the Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, the Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, vol. 13. Page 428-Mason, Objections to the Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: vol. 13. Page 428-Mason, Objections to the Const.i.tution. Reprinted from: Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary Kaminski, Doc.u.mentary, vol. 13.

THE CASE AGAINST THE CONSt.i.tUTION.

Page 435-Smith, Letters from the Federal Farmer I-V Reprinted from: Storing, Herbert J., ed. The Complete Anti-Federalist 435-Smith, Letters from the Federal Farmer I-V Reprinted from: Storing, Herbert J., ed. The Complete Anti-Federalist. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.

PUBLIUS REPLIES.

Pages 481, 485, 492, 497, 505, 513, 519, 524, 529, 537-Hamilton and Madison The Federalist. All selections reprinted from: Hamilton, Alexander, James Madison, and John Jay. The Federalist. Edited by George W. Carey and James McClellan. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 2001.

THE PROBLEM OF DECLARING RIGHTS.

Page 549, 561, 565, 566, 568, 573, 576, 578, 584-Letters between Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. All selections reprinted from: Jefferson, Thomas and James Madison. The Republic of Letters The Republic of Letters: The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson, and James The Correspondence between Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison 1776-1826. Edited by James Morton Smith. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995. Madison 1776-1826. Edited by James Morton Smith. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995.

PROPOSING AMENDMENTS.

Page 591-Ma.s.sachusetts Ratification Convention. Reprinted from: Kaminski, John P. et al., eds. The Doc.u.mentary History of the Ratification of the Const.i.tution. Vol. 6. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 2000. Page 594-Virginia Ratification Convention. Reprinted from: Kaminski, John P. et al., eds. The Doc.u.mentary History of the Ratification of the Const.i.tution. Vol. 10 The Doc.u.mentary History of the Ratification of the Const.i.tution. Vol. 10. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 2000. Page 600-New York Ratification Convention. Reprinted from: De Pauw, Linda Grant. The Seventh Pillar. Ithaca: Cornell Univeristy Press, 1966.

FRAMING THE BILL OF RIGHTS.

Page 613-Madison, Speech Introducing Amendments in the House of Representatives. Reprinted from: Madison, James. The Writings of James Madison The Writings of James Madison. Vol. 5. Edited by Gaillard Hunt. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904. Page 627-Sherman, Draft Amendments. Reprinted from: Veit, Helen E. et al., eds. Creating the Bill Creating the Bill of Rights. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Page 629-Amendments Proposed by the House of Representatives. Reprinted from: Veit et al., of Rights. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Page 629-Amendments Proposed by the House of Representatives. Reprinted from: Veit et al., Creating. Creating. Page 632-Amendments Proposed by the Senate. Reprinted from: Veit et al., Page 632-Amendments Proposed by the Senate. Reprinted from: Veit et al., Creating. Creating. Page 635-Amendments Proposed to the States. Reprinted from: Veit et al., Page 635-Amendments Proposed to the States. Reprinted from: Veit et al., Creating. Creating. Page 638-The Bill of Rights, as Ratified by the States. Reprinted from: Page 638-The Bill of Rights, as Ratified by the States. Reprinted from: Tansill, Doc.u.ments Tansill, Doc.u.ments.

1.

Lawyers a.s.sociated with Newgate, an infamous prison of eighteenth-century London.

2.

Abbreviation for nemine contradicente (Latin for, literally, "no one speaking against"); unanimously.

3.

This paragraph was rejected.

4.

The Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora Nations, members of the Iroquois Confederacy that inhabited what became upstate New York.

5.

John Murray, fourth earl of Dunmore and royal governor of Virginia from 1771 to 1776.

6.

John Hanc.o.c.k (1737-1793).

7.

Samuel Quincy ( 1735-1789), a Boston loyalist.

8.