Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 285

_b._ (Second quality.) From gum anime ('sorts'), 8 lbs.; clarified oil, 3 galls.; litharge, 5 oz.; dried and powdered sugar of lead and white copperas, of each 4 oz.; boil as last, and thin with oil of turpentine, 5-1/2 galls. Used as the last.

=Varnish, Chinese.= _Prep._ From mastic and sandarach, of each 2 oz.; rectified spirit (64 o. p.), 1 pint; dissolve. Dries in 6 minutes. Very tough and brilliant.

=Varnish, Copal.= _Prep._ 1. (OIL.)--_a._ From pale hard copal, 2 lbs.; fuse, add of hot drying oil, 1 pint; boil as before directed, and thin with oil of turpentine, 3 pints, or q. s. Dries hard in 12 to 24 hours.

_b._ From clear and pale African copal, 8 lbs.; pale drying oil, 2 galls.; rectified oil of turpentine, 3 galls.; proceed as before and immediately strain it into the store can or cistern. Very fine, hard, and durable.

2. (SPIRIT.)--_a._ From coa.r.s.ely powdered copal and gla.s.s, of each 4 oz.; alcohol of 90% (64 o. p.), 1 pint; camphor, 1/2 oz.; heat the mixture, with frequent stirring, in a water bath, so that the bubbles may be counted as they rise until solution is complete, and, when cold, decant the clear portion.

_b._ From copal (which has been melted, dropped into water, and then dried and powdered), 4 oz.; gum sandarach, 6 oz.; mastic, 2 oz.; pure Chio turpentine, 3 oz.; powdered gla.s.s, 5 oz.; spirit of 90%, 1 quart; dissolve by a gentle heat. Dries rapidly.

3. (TURPENTINE.) To oil of turpentine, 1 pint, heated in a water bath, add in small portions at a time, of powdered copal (prepared as above), 3 to 4 oz.; dissolve, &c., as before. Dries slowly, but is very pale and durable.

4. (j.a.pANNER'S COPAL VARNISH.) From pale African copal, 7 lbs.; pale drying oil, 1/2 gall.; oil of turpentine, 3 galls.; proceed as in No. 1.

Dries in 20 to 60 minutes, and may be polished as soon as hard, particularly if stoved. See j.a.pANNING.

_Obs._ All copal varnishes, when properly made, are very hard and durable, though less so than those of amber; but they have the advantage over the latter of being paler. They are applied on coaches, pictures, polished metal, wood, and other objects requiring a good durable varnish. Anime is frequently subst.i.tuted for copal in the copal varnishes of the shops. See VARNISHES, BODY, CARRIAGE, and COPAL, &c.

=Varnish, Crystal.= _Prep._ 1. From genuine pale Canada balsam and rectified oil of turpentine, equal parts. Used for maps, prints, drawings, and other articles of paper, and also to prepare tracing paper, and to transfer engravings.

2. Mastic, 3 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 pint; dissolve. Used to fix pencil drawings.

=Varnish, Drying.= Spirit copal varnish.

=Varnish, Dutch.= Lac and toy varnishes are often so called.

=Varnish, Etch'ing.= See ETCHING.

=Varnish, Fat.= See OIL VARNISH.

=Varnish, Flexible.= _Syn._ BALLOON VARNISH, CAOUTCHOUC V., INDIA-RUBBER V. _Prep._ 1. From india rubber (cut small), 1-1/2 oz.; chloroform, ether (washed), or bisulphuret of carbon, 1 pint; digest in the cold until solution is complete. Dries as soon as it is laid on. Pure gutta percha may be subst.i.tuted for india rubber.

2. India rubber, in shavings, 1 oz.; rectified mineral naphtha or benzol.

1 pint; digest at a gentle heat in a closed vessel, and strain. Dries very badly, and never gets perfectly hard.

3. India rubber, 1 oz.; drying oil, 1 quart; dissolve by heat. Very tough; dries in about 48 hours.

4. Linseed oil, 1 gall.; dried white copperas and sugar of lead, of each 3 oz.; litharge, 8 oz.; boil, with constant agitation, until it strings well, then cool slowly, and decant the clear portion. If too thick, thin it down with quick-drying linseed oil. The above are used for balloons, gas bags, &c. See BALLOON, CAOUTCHOUC, &c.

=Varnish, Furniture.= A solution of pure white wax, 1 part, in rectified oil of turpentine, 4 parts, frequently pa.s.ses under this name. See VARNISHES, BODY, CARRIAGE, and COPAL, &c.

=Varnish, Gilder's.= _Prep._ (Watin.) Pale gum-lac in grains, gamboge, dragon's blood, and annotta, of each 12-1/2 oz.; saffron, 3-1/4 oz.; dissolve each resin separately in 5 pints of alcohol of 90%, and make two separate tinctures of the dragon's blood and annotta, with a like quant.i.ty of spirit; then mix the solutions in the proper proportions to produce the required shade. Used for gilded articles, &c.

=Varnish, Gla.s.s.= A solution of soluble gla.s.s. Used to render wood, &c., fire-proof.

=Varnish, Gun-barrel.= _Prep._ From sh.e.l.l-lac, 1-1/2 oz.; dragon's blood, 3 dr.; rectified spirit, 1 quart. Applied after the barrels are 'browned.'

=Varnish, Hair.= _Prep._ From hog's bristles (chopped small), 1 part; drying oil, 10 parts; dissolve by heat. Said to be used to give cotton or linen cloth the appearance of horse-hair.

=Varnish, India-rubber.= VARNISH. See FLEXIBLE (_above_).

=Varnish, Italian.= _Prep._ Boil Scio turpentine until brittle, powder it, and dissolve this in oil of turpentine. Used for prints, &c.

=Varnish, j.a.pan.= Pale amber or copal varnish. Used for j.a.panning tin, papier mache, &c.

=Varnish, Lac.= _Prep._ 1. Pale seed-lac (or sh.e.l.l-lac), 8 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 quart; dissolve.

2. Subst.i.tute lac bleached with chlorine for seed-lac. Both are very tough, hard, and durable, but quite inflexible. Wood naphtha may be subst.i.tuted for spirit. Used for pictures, metal, wood, or leather, and particularly for toys.

=Varnish, Lac (Aqueous).= _Prep._ From pale sh.e.l.l-lac, 5 oz.; borax, 1 oz.; water, 1 pint; digest at nearly the boiling point until dissolved; then strain. Equal to the more costly spirit varnish for many purposes; it is an excellent vehicle for water colours, inks, &c.; when dry, it is waterproof.

=Varnish, Lac (Coloured).= _Syn._ LACQUER, BRa.s.sWORK VARNISH. _Prep._ 1.

Take of turmeric (ground), 1 lb.; rectified spirit, 2 galls.; macerate for a week, strain, with expression, and add to the tincture, gamboge, 1-1/2 oz.; pale sh.e.l.l-lac, 3/4 lb.; gum sandarach, 3-1/2 lbs.; when dissolved, strain, and further add of good turpentine varnish, 1 quart. Gold coloured.

2. Seed-lac, 3 oz.; turmeric, 1 oz.; dragon's blood, 1/4 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 pint; digest for a week, frequently shaking, then decant the clear portion. Deep gold coloured.

3. Spanish annotta, 3 lbs.; dragon's blood, 1 lb.; gum sandarach, 3-1/4 lbs.; rectified spirit, 2 galls.; turpentine varnish, 1 quart; as before.

Red coloured.

4. Gamboge, 1 oz.; Cape aloes, 3 oz.; pale sh.e.l.l-lac, 1 lb.; rectified spirit, 2 galls.; as before. Pale bra.s.s coloured.

5. Seed-lac, dragon's blood, annotta, and gamboge, of each 1/4 lb.; gum sandarach, 2 oz.; saffron, 1 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 gall. Resembles the last.

_Obs._ Lacquers are used upon polished metals and wood, to impart to them the appearance of gold. Articles in bra.s.s, tin plate, and pewter, or which are covered with tinfoil, are more especially so treated. As lacquers are required of different depths and shades of colour, it is best to keep a concentrated solution of each of the colouring ingredients ready, so that it may be added, at any time, to produce any desired tint.

=Varnish, Mahogany.= _Prep._ From gum anime ('sorts'), 8 lbs.; clarified oil, 3 galls.; litharge and powdered dried sugar of lead, of each 1/4 lb.; proceed as for body varnish, and thin with oil of turpentine, 5 galls., or q. s.

=Varnish, Mastic.= _Syn._ PICTURE VARNISH, TURPENTINE V., TINGRY'S ESSENCE V. _Prep._ 1. Take of pale and picked gum mastic, 5 lbs.; gla.s.s (pounded as small as barley, and well Washed and dried), 3 lbs.; finest newly rectified oil of turpentine (lukewarm), 2 galls.; put them into a clean 4-gall. tin bottle or can, bung down securely, and keep rolling it backwards and forwards pretty smartly on a counter, or any other solid place, for at least 4 hours, when, if the gum is all dissolved, the varnish may be decanted, strained through muslin into another bottle, and allowed to settle; if the solution is still incomplete, the agitation must be continued for some time longer, or the gentle warmth applied as well.

Very fine.

2. (Second quality.) From mastic, 4 lbs.; oil of turpentine, 2 galls.; dissolve with heat.

_Obs._ Mastic varnish is much used for pictures, &c.; when good, it is tough, hard, brilliant, and colourless. It greatly improves by age, and, when possible, should never be used before it has been made at least a twelve-month. Should it get 'chilled,' 1 lb. of well-washed siliceous sand should be made moderately hot and added to each gallon, which must then be well agitated for 5 minutes, and afterwards allowed to settle.

=Varnish, Oak.= _Syn._ WAINSCOT VARNISH, COMMON TURPENTINE V. _Prep._ 1.

Clear pale resin, 3-1/2 lbs.; oil of turpentine, 1 gall.; dissolve.

2. To the last add of Canada balsam, 1 pint, Both are cheap and excellent common varnishes for wood or metal.

=Varnish, Oil.= The finer qualities are noticed under AMBER, BODY, CARRIAGE, and COPAL VARNISH; the following produces the ordinary oil varnish of the shops:--Take of good clear resin, 3 lbs.; drying oil, 1/2 gall.; melt, and thin with oil of turpentine, 2 quarts. A good and durable varnish for common work.

=Varnish, Painter's.= See CARRIAGE, COPAL, MAHOGANY, OAK, OIL, and other varnishes; the selection depending greatly on the colour and quality of the work.

=Varnish, Patent Leather.= This is carefully prepared drying oil. The skins being stretched on a board, and every trace of grease being removed from them by means of a mixture of fullers earth and water, they are ready to receive the varnish, which is then spread upon them, very thinly, by means of a species of sc.r.a.per. The first coat varnish consists of pale Prussian blue (that containing some alumina), 5 oz.; drying oil, 1 gall.; boiled to the consistence of single size, and, when cold, ground with a little vegetable black; it is stoved and afterwards polished with fine-grained pumice--the second coating resembles the first, excepting in having a little pure Prussian blue mixed with it;--the third coat varnish consists of a similar mixture, but the oil is boiled until it strings well, and a little more pure Prussian blue and vegetable black are added;--the last coat varnish, or finish, is the same as the third, but must contain 1/2 lb. of pure dark-coloured Prussian blue, and 1/4 lb. of pure vegetable black per gall., to which a little oil copal or amber varnish is often added; each coat being duly stoved and pumiced before the next is applied. The heat of the stove or oven is commonly 120 Fahr. for 'enamelled skins,' as those of the calf and seal, intended for 'uppers,'

and 175 to 180 for stout 'j.a.pan leather,' the exposure in the stove is commonly for 6 to 10 hours. The skins are next oiled and grained. The 'graining' of the 'enamelled skins' is done by holding the skin in one hand, and with a curved board lined with cork (graining stick), lightly pressed upon the fleshy side, working it up and down until the proper effect is produced.

=Varnish, Picture.= Several varnishes, especially mastic varnish, are called by this name. Pale copal or mastic varnish is generally used for oil paintings, and crystal, white hard spirit, or mastic varnish, for water-coloured drawings on paper.