Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 265

=TIN-PLATE.= Iron-plate covered with a coating of tin, by dipping it into a bath of that metal.

=TIN POW'DER.= _Syn._ TIN FILINGS, TIN DUST; STANNI PULVIS (Ph. E & D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. E.) Melt grain tin in an iron vessel, pour it into an earthenware mortar heated a little above its melting-point, and triturate briskly as the metal cools; lastly, sift the product, and repeat the process with what remains in the sieve.

2. (Ph. D.) Melt grain-tin in a black-lead crucible, and, whilst it is cooling, stir it with a rod of iron until it is reduced to powder; let the finer particles be separated by means of a sieve, and when, after having been several times in succession shaken with distilled water, the decanted liquor appears quite clear, let the product be dried for use.

_Obs._ Powdered tin is also prepared by filing and rasping.--_Dose_, 2 to 4 dr., as a vermifuge. POLISHERS' PUTTY, coloured with ivory black, is frequently subst.i.tuted for this powder, and hence arises the ill effects that sometimes follow its use.

=TIN'NING.= _Proc._ 1. Plates or vessels of bra.s.s or copper, boiled with a solution of stannate of pota.s.sa, mixed with turnings of tin, become, in the course of a few minutes, covered with a firmly attached layer of pure tin.

2. A similar effect is produced by boiling the articles with tin filings and caustic alkali or cream of tartar.

_Obs._ By either of the above methods chemical vessels made of copper or bra.s.s may be easily and perfectly tinned.

3. The following method for tinning copper, bra.s.s, and iron in the cold, and without apparatus, is by F. s...o...b...[234]

[Footnote 234: 'The Pharmacist,' iv, 86.]

The requisites for accomplishing this object are:--1st. The object to be coated with tin must be entirely free from oxide. It must be carefully cleaned and care be taken that no grease spots are left; it makes no difference whether the object be cleaned mechanically or chemically. 2nd.

Zinc powder; the best is that prepared artificially by melting zinc, and pouring it into an iron mortar. It can be easily pulverised immediately after solidification; it should be about as fine as writing sand. 3rd. A solution of protochloride of tin containing 5 or 10 per cent., to which as much pulverised cream of tartar must be added as will go on to the point of a knife. The object to be tinned is moistened with the tinned solution, after which it is rubbed hard with the zinc powder. The tinning appears at once. The tin-salt is decomposed by the zinc, metallic tin being deposited. When the object tinned is polished bra.s.s or copper, it appears as beautiful as if silvered, and retains its l.u.s.tre for a long time. 4th.

(C. Paul.)[235] The zinc or iron articles are immersed in a mixture of 1 part sulphuric or nitric acid with 10 parts of water; a solution of copper sulphate or acetate is then slowly added. After the deposition of a thin layer of copper, the articles are removed, washed, moistened with a solution of 1 part 'tin crystals,' in 2 parts water and 2 parts hydrochloric acid, and then shaken up with a mixture of fine chalk and copper. Ammonium sulphate, which is prepared by dissolving 1 part of copper sulphate in 16 parts of water, and adding ammonia until a clear dark blue liquid is obtained.

[Footnote 235: Dingl. Polyt, J., ccviii, 47-49, 'Journ. Chem. Soc.']

The articles may now be tinned by immersion in a solution of 1 part of tin crystals with 3 parts white argol in water. Bra.s.s, copper, or nickel goods, also iron and zinc articles which have been copper-plated, may be silvered by treatment (after thorough cleansing), with a solution of 14 grams silver in 26 grams of nitric acid, to which is added a solution of 120 grams of pota.s.sium cyanide in 1 litre water, and also 28 grams of finely powdered chalk.

=TINS, To Clean.= All kinds of tins, moulds, measures, &c., may be cleaned by being well rubbed with a paste made of whiting and water. They should then be rubbed with a leather, and any dust remaining on them should be removed by means of a soft brush. Finally, they must be polished with another leather. Always let the inside of any vessel be cleaned first, since in cleaning the inside the outside always becomes soiled. For very dirty or greasy tins, grated bath-brick and water must be used.

=TINC'TURE.= _Syn._ TINCTURA, L.; TEINTURE, Fr. Tinctures (TINCTURae; ALCOOLeS, ALCOOLATURES) are solutions of the active principles of bodies, obtained by digesting them in alcohol more or less dilute. ETHEREAL TINCTURES (TINCTURae aeTHEREae; ETHeROLeS, ETHeROLATURES) are similar solutions prepared with ether.

_Prep._ "Tinctures are usually prepared by reducing the solid ingredients to small fragments, coa.r.s.e powder, or fine powder, macerating them for 7 days, or longer, in proof spirit or rectified spirit, straining the solution through linen or calico (or paper), and finally expressing the residuum strongly, to obtain what fluid is still retained in the ma.s.s.

They are also advantageously prepared by the method of displacement or percolation." (Ph. E.) "All tinctures should be prepared in closed gla.s.s (or stoneware) vessels, and be shaken frequently during the process of maceration." (Ph. L.) Cooper's patent jars are very convenient for the preparation of tinctures, as they are made with wide mouths large enough to admit the hand, and yet may be closed in an instant, with as much ease and certainty as an ordinary stoppered bottle.

Tinctures are better clarified by repose than by filtration, as in the latter case a considerable portion is retained by the filtering medium, and lost by evaporation. The waste in this way is never less than 10% of spirit. In all ordinary cases, it is sufficient to allow the tincture to settle for a few days, and then to pour off the clear supernatant portion through a funnel loosely choked with a piece of sponge or tow; after which the remaining foul portion of the liquid may be filtered through bibulous paper in a covered funnel. The filtration should be conducted as rapidly as possible, for the double purpose of lessening the amount lost by evaporation and the action of the air on the fluid. Tinctures which have been long exposed to the air frequently lose their transparency within a few days after being filtered, owing to the oxidis.e.m.e.nt and precipitation of some portion of the matter previously held in solution, a change which occurs even in stoppered bottles. Resinous and oily tinctures, as those of myrrh, tolu, and lavender (comp.), may be generally restored to their former brightness by the addition of a quant.i.ty of rectified spirit, equal to that which they have lost by evaporation; but many tinctures resist this mode of treatment, and require refiltering.

Ethereal tinctures are best prepared by percolation, and should be both made and kept in stoppered bottles.

Mr Umney says:--It must always be remembered that the quant.i.ty of spirit required to make the measure of tinctures to a given bulk, will only be strictly uniform, in so far as the operators proceed under precisely the same circ.u.mstances.

No causes will be found to influence results more than the manufacture of tinctures upon a small, as compared with a large, scale, and the use of the screw as compared with the hydraulic press, in the final removal of the spirit from the mare; even the temperature of summer and winter may cause a variation in the results.

_Qual._ The tinctures of the shops are usually very uncertain and inferior preparations, owing to their manufacture being carelessly conducted, and refuse drugs and an insufficient quant.i.ty of spirit being employed in their production. It is a general practice among the druggists to subst.i.tute a mixture of equal parts of rectified spirit and water, or a spirit of about 26 u. p., for proof spirit; and a mixture of 2 galls. of water with 5 galls. of rectified spirit, for rectified spirit. In some wholesale drug-houses all the simple tinctures (except those that are of a very active or valuable kind, as LAUDANUM, for instance) are made with 1 lb. of the dry ingredient to the gall. of spirit, irrespective of the instructions in the Pharmacopia. Appearance is the object which is alone aimed at, without reference to quality. If the tincture be perfectly transparent, and has a good colour, the conscience of the seller and the stomach of the consumer are alike satisfied.

_a.s.say._ 1. The RICHNESS in ALCOHOL may be readily determined by Brande's method of alcoholometry; but more accurately by the method of M.

Gay-Lussac (see ALCOHOLOMETRY). That of tinctures containing simple extractive, saccharine, or like organic matter, in solution, may be approximately found from the boiling-point, or from the temperature of the vapour of the boiling liquid.

2. The QUANt.i.tY of SOLID MATTER per cent. may be ascertained by evaporating to dryness 100 grains-measure, in a weighed capsule, by the heat of boiling water.

3. The QUANt.i.tY of the INGREDIENTS used in the preparation of tinctures may be inferred from the weight last found, reference being had to the known per-centage of extract which the substances employed yield to spirit of the strength under examination. When the ingredients contain alkaloids, or consist of saline or mineral matter, an a.s.say may be made for them.

_Uses, &c._ Tinctures, from the quant.i.ty of alcohol which they contain, are necessarily administered in small doses, unless in cases where stimulants are indicated. The most important and useful of them are those that contain very active ingredients, such as the tincture of opium, foxglove, hemlock, henbane, &c. In many instances the solvent, even in doses of a few fluid drachms, acts more powerfully on the living system than the principles it holds in solution; and, when continued for some time, produces the same deleterious effects as the habitual use of ardent spirits. When the action of a substance is the reverse of stimulant, it cannot with propriety be exhibited in this form, unless the dose be so small that the operation of the spirit cannot be taken into account, as with the narcotic tinctures. Hence, this cla.s.s of remedies are in less frequent use than formerly.

The following list embraces all the formulae of the tincturae of the London, Edinburgh, Dublin, and British Pharmacopias, with a few others likely to be useful to the reader. These will furnish examples for the preparation of others in less general use, care being had to proportionate the ingredients with due reference to the proper or usual dose of tinctures of that cla.s.s.

=Tincture of Ac'etate of I'ron.= _Syn._ TINCTURA FERRI ACETATIS (B. P., Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Solution of persulphate of iron, 5; acetate of potash, 4; rectified spirit, q. s.; dissolve the acetate of potash in 20 of water and add 16 of spirit to the solution of iron; mix the two liquids, and shake well occasionally for an hour, then filter, and add to the filtered liquid sufficient rectified spirit to make up 40.--_Dose_, 5 to 30 minims.

2. (Ph. D.) To water, 9 fl. oz., add of pure sulphuric acid, 6 fl. dr.; and in the mixture, with the aid of a gentle heat, dissolve sulphate of iron, 8 oz.; next add of pure nitric acid, 1/2 fl. oz., previously diluted with water, 1 fl. oz., and evaporate the resulting solution to the consistence of a thick syrup; dissolve this in rectified spirit, 1 quart; also dissolve of acetate of potash, 8 oz., in another quart of rectified spirit; and having thoroughly mixed the solutions, by frequent agitation in a large bottle, filter the whole, with expression, first through calico, and then through paper. Sp. gr. 891.--_Dose_, 15 to 60 drops, in water, in the same cases as in the other chalybeates.

=Tincture of Acetate of Zinc.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ZINCI ACETATIS, L. _Prep._ (Ph. D. 1826.) Acetate of potash and sulphate of zinc, of each 1 oz.; rub them together, then add of rectified spirit, 16 fl oz.; macerate for a week, and filter. Astringent. Diluted with water, it is used as a collyrium and injection.

=Tincture of Ac'onite.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ACONITI (Ph. L.), TINCT. ACONITI RADICIS (B. P., Ph. D.), L. _Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Powdered root, 1; rectified spirit to percolate, 8; macerate for 48 hours with three fourths of the spirit, agitating occasionally, pack in a percolator and let it drain, then pour on the remaining spirit; when it ceases to drop, press the marc and add spirit to make up 8.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 minims, twice or thrice a day.

2. (Ph. L.) Take of aconite root, coa.r.s.ely powdered, 15 oz. (20 oz.--Ph.

D.); rectified spirit, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days, press, and filter.

_Obs._ These tinctures differ materially in strength.--_Dose._ Of the Ph.

L., 5 to 10 drops; of the Ph. D., 3 to 6 drops, two or three times daily (carefully watching its effects); in rheumatism, gout, syphilis, &c., where a narcotic sedative is indicated. Diluted with water, it forms an excellent embrocation in rheumatism, neuralgia, &c. It should be applied by means of a small sponge, tied to the end of a stick or gla.s.s rod. The Ph. D. formula is nearly the same as that for Dr Turnbull's concentrated tincture of aconite root, and that given by Dr Pereira. The TINCTURA ACONITI FOLIORUM of the Ph. U. S. is made with 1 oz. of the dried leaves to 8 fl. oz. of rectified spirit.

=Tincture of Aconite, Ethereal.= _Syn_. TINCTURA ACONITI aeTHEREA. (P.

Cod.) _Prep._ Powdered aconite, 4 oz.; sulphuric ether, 16 oz. (by weight). It is best prepared by percolation.

=Tincture of Ailanthus Bark.= _Syn._ TINCTURA AILANTHI CORTICIS. _Prep._ Take Of ailanthus bark, bruised, 1-1/2 oz.; proof spirit, 1 pint; macerate for seven days in a closed vessel with occasional agitation, then strain, press, filter, and add sufficient spirit to make 1 pint.--_Dose._ From 1/2 to 2 fl. dr.

=Tincture of Al'oes.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ALOeS (B. P., Ph. L. & E.), L.

_Prep._ 1. (B. P.) Socotrine aloes, 1; extract of liquorice, 3; proof spirit, 40; macerate seven days, press, and wash the marc with spirit to make 40.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr.

2. (Ph. L.) Socotrine or hepatic aloes, coa.r.s.ely powdered, 1 oz.; extract of liquorice, 3 oz.; water, 1-1/2 pint; rectified spirit, 1/2 pint; macerate for 7 days, and filter. The formula of the Ph. E. is nearly similar. Purgative and stomachic.--_Dose_, 1/4 to fl. oz.

=Tincture of Aloes, Alkaline.= _Syn._ TINCTURA ALOeS ALKALINA. (Swediaur.) _Prep._ Aloes, 1/2 oz.; extract of liquorice, 1-1/2 dr.; cinnamon water, 8 oz.; proof spirit, 8 oz.; carbonate of soda, 1 oz. Digest, and strain.--_Dose_, 1 dr. to 4 dr.

=Tincture of Aloes (Compound).= _Syn._ TINCTURE OF ALOES AND MYRRH; TINCTURA ALOeS COMPOSITA (Ph. L.), TINCTURA ALOeS ET MYRRHae (Ph. E.), ELIXIR ALOeS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L. & E.) Socotrine or hepatic aloes, coa.r.s.ely powdered, 4 oz.; hay saffron, 2 oz.; tincture of myrrh, 1 quart; macerate for 7 days, with occasional agitation, and strain. The Dublin College (1826) omits the saffron.

2. (Wholesale.) From aloes, 1 lb.; myrrh, 3/4 lb.; hay saffron, 2 oz.; rectified spirit, 5 pints; water, 3 pints; as the last. Purgative, stomachic, and emmenagogue.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 2 fl. dr.

=Tincture of Amber.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SUCCINI. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Amber, in fine powder, 1 oz.; rectified spirit, 6 oz. Digest for 6 days and filter.--_Dose_, 20 to 30 drops.

=Tincture of Amber, Alkaline.= _Syn._ TINCTURA SUCCINI ALKALINA. (Ph. E.

1744.) _Prep._ Rub 2 oz. of amber with a sufficient quant.i.ty of carbonate of potash to form a soft paste; dry this, and digest it in 16 oz. of rectified spirit for 8 days.

=Tincture of Ambergris.= _Syn._ TINCTURA AMBERGRISEae. (P. Cod.) _Prep._ Ambergris, 1 part; rectified spirit, 10 parts. Macerate 10 days.

=Tincture of Ammo"nia (Compound.)= _Syn._ TINCTURA AMMONIae COMPOSITA (Ph.

L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Mastic, 2 dr.; rectified spirit, 9 fl. dr.; digest until dissolved, decant, add, of oil of lavender, 14 drops; stronger solution of ammonia, 1 pint; and mix well.

2. (Ph. L. 1836; AQUA LUCIae; EAU DE LUCE.) As the last, but adding 4 drops of oil of amber along with the oil of lavender.

_Obs._ This preparation is reputed antacid, antispasmodic, and stimulant.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 drops, in water; in hysteria, low spirits, &c. In the East Indies, eau de luce is regarded almost as a specific for the bite of the cobra di capello and other venomous reptiles.

=Tincture of Ammo"nia-chlo"ride of I'ron.= _Syn._ AMMONIATED TINCTURE OF IRON, MYNSIGHT'S A. T. OF I.; TINCTURA FERRI AMMONIO-CHLORIDI (Ph. L.).