Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 202

4. (MOTTLED.)--_a._ RED. Cut white curd or Windsor soap (not too dry) into small square pieces, and roll these in a mixture of powder bole or rouge, either with or without the addition of some starch; then squeeze them strongly into b.a.l.l.s, observing to mix the colour as little as possible.--_b._ BLUE. Roll the pieces in powdered blue, and proceed as before.--_c._ GREEN. Roll the pieces in a mixture of powder blue and bright yellow ochre. By varying the colour of the powder, mottled savonettes of any colour may be produced.

5. (SAND.) From soap (at will), 2 lbs.; fine siliceous sand, 1 lb.; scent, q. s.; as No. 1. For the finer qualities, finely powdered pumice-stone is subst.i.tuted for sand.

6. (VIOLET.) From palm-oil soap, 4 lbs.; farina, 2 lbs.; finely powdered orris root, 1 lb. Sometimes a little smalts, or indigo, is added.

=SAWDUST, Preparation of Alcohol from.= M. Zetterland[146] states that he has obtained alcohol from sawdust by the following process:--Into an ordinary steam-boiler, heated by means of steam, were introduced 9 cwt. of very wet sawdust, 107 cwt. of hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 118), and 30 cwt. of water; after eleven hours boiling there was formed 1967 per cent.

of grape sugar.

[Footnote 146: 'Chemical News,' xxvi--181.]

The acid was next saturated with chalk, so as to leave in the liquid only a small quant.i.ty (1/2 degree by Ludersdorf's acid areometer); when the saccharine liquid was cooled down to 30 yeast was added, and the fermentation finished in twenty-four hours. By distillation there were obtained 265 litres of alcohol of 50 per cent. at 15, quite free from any smell of turpentine, and of excellent taste. It appears that the preparation of alcohol from sawdust may be successfully carried on industrially when it is precisely ascertained what degree of dilution of acid is required, and how long the liquid has to be boiled.

If all the cellulose present in sawdust could be converted into sugar, 50 kilos of the former substance would yield, after fermentation, 12 litres of alcohol at 50 per cent.

=SCAB'IES.= See ITCH.

=SCAB IN SHEEP.= This disease, corresponding to mange in the dog, the horse, or in cattle, is caused by a species of acaris, a minute insect which burrows under the skin of the sheep, and sets up therein a considerable amount of irritation, which is followed by an irruption of pimples, accompanied with scurf, but frequently the wool comes off from the affected part.

The following are some of the numerous remedies employed for this disease:--

1. Quicksilver, 1 lb.; Venice turpentine, 1/2 lb.; rub them together until the globules are no longer visible; then add 1/2 pint of oil of turpentine, and 4 lbs. of lard. The mode of applying this ointment is as follows:--Begin at the head of the sheep, and proceeding from between the ears along the back to the end of the tail, divide the wool in a furrow till the skin can be touched; and let a finger, slightly dipped in the ointment, be drawn along the bottom of the furrow. From this furrow similar ones must be drawn along the shoulders and thighs to the legs, as far as the wool extends. And if much infected, 2 or more should also be drawn along each side, parallel with that on the back, and one down each side before the hind and fore legs. It kills the sheep-f.a.g, and probably the tick and other vermin. It should not be used in very cold or wet weather. (Sir Joseph Banks.)

2. Tar oils. Tobacco juice. Stavesacre. (Finlay Dun.)

3. Strong mercurial ointment, 1 part; lard, 5 parts; mix. (Youatt.)

4. Quicksilver, 1 lb.; Venice turpentine, 1/2 lb.; spirit of turpentine, 2 oz., lard, 4-1/2 lb.; to be made and used as No. 1. In summer 1 lb. of resin may be subst.i.tuted for alike quant.i.ty of lard. (Clater.)

5. Strong mercurial ointment, 1 lb.; lard, 4 lbs.; oil of turpentine, 8 oz.; sulphur, 12 oz.--WHITE.

6. _Mild._ Flowers of sulphur, 1 lb.; Venice turpentine, 4 oz.; rancid lard, 2 lbs.; strong mercurial ointment, 4 oz.; mix well.--CLATER.

7. Lard or other fat, with an equal quant.i.ty of oil of turpentine.--DAUBENTON.

8. _Without mercury._ Lard, 1 lb.; oil of turpentine, 4 oz.; flowers of sulphur, 6 oz.--WHITE.

9. Strong mercurial ointment, 1 lb.; lard, 4 lbs.; Venice turpentine, 8 oz.; oil of turpentine, 2 oz. If mixed by heat, care must be taken not to use more heat than is necessary, and to add the oil of turpentine when the other ingredients begin to cool and to stir till cold.--M'EWEN.

10. Corrosive sublimate, 2 oz.; white h.e.l.lebore, 3 oz.; fish oil, 6 quarts; resin, 1/2 lb.; tallow, 1/2 lb. The sublimate and then the h.e.l.lebore to be rubbed with a portion of the oil till perfectly smooth, and then mixed with the other ingredients melted together.--STEVENSON.

11. The following once had considerable local celebrity, but it obviously requires to be used with caution. Dissolve 2-1/4 oz. of corrosive sublimate in the same quant.i.ty of muriatic acid, and beat up the solution with 6 lbs. of strong mercurial ointment; put in a large pan, and pour on it 19-1/2 lbs. of lard, and 1-1/2 lb. of common turpentine, melted together and still hot, and stir the whole continually until it becomes solid.

12. Castor-oil seeds well bruised and steeped for 12 hours in sour milk, after straining rub the liquid briskly into the skin. (An Indian remedy.)

=SCAGLIO'LA.= A species of plaster or stucco, made of pure gypsum, with variegated colours, in imitation of marble. In general, the liquid employed is a weak solution of Flanders glue; and the colours, any which are not decomposed or destroyed by admixture with sulphate of lime and exposure to the light. The composition is often applied upon hollow columns formed of wood, or even of laths nailed together, and the surface, when hard, is turned smooth in a lathe, and polished.

=SCALES.= A special article under the head of "BALANCE" has been devoted to the scales employed by the chemist and a.n.a.lyst.

But although these claimed from their greater complexity of structure and the extreme delicacy of movement required of them a separate notice, every pharmacist and apothecary will recognise the importance of bestowing an equal amount of attention upon his dispensing scales; and, to ensure accurate weighing by them, will take care to keep them scrupulously clean, and properly poised.

For dispensing purposes, scales fitted with gla.s.s pans (or at least with one gla.s.s pan, in which medicinal substances can be weighed) should always be employed. The beams should be of steel, and the attachments of one piece of bra.s.s only, in preference to chains, or supports of silken thread. The beams are best cleaned with sand paper, or rotten stone, and may be protected from rust by being rubbed over with a little almond oil.

=SCALD-HEAD.= See RINGWORM.

=SCALDS.= See BURNS AND SCALDS.

=SCALL.= _Syn._ SCALD. The popular name of several skin diseases distinguished by scabs or scurfiness, whether dry or humid. See ERUPTIONS, RINGWORM, &c.

=SCAM'MONY.= _Syn._ SCAMMONIUM (B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.), L. The "gum resin emitted from the cut root of _Convolvulus Scammonia_, Linn." (Ph.

L.), or Aleppo scammony plant.

There are three princ.i.p.al varieties or qualities of scammony known in the market; viz. VIRGIN (sp. gr. 121); SECONDS (sp. gr. 1460 to 1463); and THIRDS (sp. gr. 1465 to 1500). The best, and that only intended to be used in medicine, is imported from Aleppo.

_Pur._ Scammony is not only largely adulterated in the country of its production, but again after its arrival in England. SMYRNA SCAMMONY, a very inferior variety, is also commonly dressed up, and sold as Aleppo scammony. In many cases substances are sold at the public sales in London, and elsewhere, as scammony, which contain only a mere trace of that article. This is all ground up to form the scammony powder of the shops.

(_Vide_ 'Evid. Com. Ho. Com.,' 1155.) PURE SCAMMONY has a peculiar cheesy smell, and a greenish-grey colour. It is "porous and brittle, and the freshly broken surface shines; hydrochloric acid being dropped on it, it emits no bubbles; nor does the powder digested in water, at heat of 170 Fahr., become blue by the simultaneous addition of iodide of pota.s.sium and dilute nitric acid. Out of 100 gr., 78 (80--Ph. E.) should be soluble in ether." (Ph. L.) The tincture of pure scammony is not turned green by nitric acid. If the powder effervesce with dilute acids, it contains chalk.

_Uses, &c._ Pure scammony is a powerful drastic purgative and anthelmintic, inadmissible in inflammatory conditions of the alimentary ca.n.a.l, but well adapted for torpid and inactive conditions of the abdominal organs. a.s.sociated with calomel, rhubarb, or sulphate of pota.s.sa, it is useful in all cases in which an active cathartic or vermifuge may be required, especially for children.--_Dose._ (For an adult) 5 to 15 gr., in powder, or made into a bolus or emulsion.

=SCARLATI'NA.= See SCARLET FEVER.

=SCAR'LET DYE.= _Proc._ (Poerner.)--_a._ The 'Bouillon.' Take of cream of tartar, 1-3/4 oz.; water, q. s.; boil in a block-tin vessel, and when dissolved, add of solution of tin (made by dissolving 2 oz. of grain tin in a mixture of 1 lb. each of nitric acid and water, and 1-1/2 oz. of sal ammoniac), 1-3/4 oz.; boil for 3 minutes, then introduce the cloth, boil for 2 hours, drain it, and let it cool.--_b._ The 'Rougie.' Next take of cream of tartar, 1/4 oz.; water, q. s.; boil, and add powdered cochineal, 1 oz.; again boil for 5 minutes, then gradually add of solution of tin, 1 oz., stirring well all the time; lastly, put in the goods and dye as quickly as possible. The quant.i.ties given are those for 1 to 1-1/4 lb. of woollen cloth. The result is a full scarlet. To make the colour turn on the 'ponceau' or poppy, a little turmeric is added to the bath.

_Obs._ Scarlet is red with a tinge of yellow; it is nearly always produced by cochineal. See RED DYE.

=SCARLET FE'VER.= _Syn._ SCARLATINA, FEBRIS SCARLATINA, L. A highly contagious disease, so named after the peculiar eruption or efflorescence of the skin which accompanies it. The milder form of this disease (SCARLATINA SIMPLEX, S. MITIS) comes on with languor, chilliness alternated by fits of heat, nausea, vomiting (frequently), and other common symptoms of fever; followed, on the third or fourth day, by a scarlet efflorescence upon the skin, which after three or four days ends in the cuticle or scarf-skin peeling off in branny scales. Dropsical swelling of the whole body sometimes follows the disappearance of the eruption; but this, with the febrile symptoms, and the soreness of the throat (if any), then give way, and the patient gradually regains his former health and strength. In the _malignant form_ of scarlet fever (SCARLATINA CYNANCHICA, S. ANGINOSA, S. MALIGNA) the febrile symptoms, from the first, are more alarming; there is bilious vomiting, great soreness and ulceration of the throat, the pulse is small and quick, and the breathing laborious. These symptoms rapidly increase on the appearance of the eruption; the body then becomes swollen, the nose and eyes inflamed, the breath fetid, the throat suppurates, putrid symptoms ensue, and the patient is either suddenly cut off or recovers very slowly.

The early symptoms of scarlet fever are distinguished from those of the MEASLES and SMALLPOX by the greater extent and want of elevation of the eruption, and by its not congregating into patches. Nor are there the cough or running from the eyes and nose which usher in the measles.

The treatment of the milder form of scarlet fever, especially that of childhood, may consist of the administration of an emetic, followed by a saline aperient, to clear the bowels; the latter being repeated as occasion may require. The patient should be kept in a cool and well-ventilated room, the diet should be light and farinaceous, and the use of diluent drinks copiously indulged in. If the febrile symptoms are severe, or the throat much affected, small doses of some mild mercurial, as calomel, mercurial pill, or quicksilver with chalk, may be administered, either separately or combined with antimonial diaph.o.r.etics or Dover's powder. In malignant scarlet fever a smart emetic should be given early, and mercurials and diaph.o.r.etics at once freely exhibited.

Acidulated gargles may be used for the throat, and, when the heat of the body is much above the natural standard, sponging the whole body with cold water, or with vinegar and water, may be had recourse to. If the malignant symptoms run high, and a.s.sume a typhoid or putrid character, the system must be supported with stimulant tonics as wine, bark, capsic.u.m, &c.

According to Hahnemann, Koreff, and Randhahn, belladonna is a prophylactic against scarlet fever. The h.o.m.opathists also hold it to be almost a specific in the disease.

Dr Renfrew's medicinal treatment consists in the administration of a mixture consisting of tincture of perchloride of iron and chlorate of potash. He contends that the chlorine which the mixture contains destroys the blood poison, that the hydrochloric acid supplies a desirable ingredient for the blood, that the iron improves the impaired red blood disks and a.s.sists in forming new ones, whilst the chlorate of potash is a source of oxygen whereby the disintegrated matters floating in the blood are burnt up and destroyed.

Scarlet fever is common to all ages of life, but children and young persons are the most subject to it. Unlike the smallpox, it occasionally attacks the same person more than once. It is most common in dirty, close, damp situations.

_In horses_, the commencing symptoms are very similar to those in man--indisposition to movement, febrile symptoms as indicated by a hot and dry skin, and sore throat, the glands about the head and neck being frequently tender and swollen. The respiration becomes quickened and the pulse thready. In about 48 hours scarlet spots about the size of a pea show themselves on the mucous membrane about the lips and nostrils, the spots after a time becoming confluent. Except the attack be a very mild one, similar spots spread all over the body, but are most plentiful about the animal's head and neck. After about a fortnight or three weeks, the hair leaves the parts on which the spots are, and then desquamation sets in, and bare bald patches are left. The after results bear a great resemblance to those which frequently follow an attack of the same disease in the human being. The best treatment consists in placing the animal in a cool, well-ventilated loose box, applying bandages to the legs, and a linen cover to the body, with a warm rug over that.

A dose of nitre and Mindererus spirit should be given in water three times a day, combined with mild tonics, stimulants, and diuretics. See DISINFECTANTS.

=SCENE'-PAINTING.= A variety of distemper painting employed in theatres, &c., governed by perspective, and having for its object the production of striking effects when viewed at a distance. Water, size, turpentine, and the ordinary pigments, are the materials used for the purpose.

=SCENT BAGS.= See SACHETS.

=SCENT b.a.l.l.s.= _Syn._ PASTILLES DE TOILETTE ODORANTES, Fr. These are prepared from any of the materials noticed under POT POURRI, SCENTED POWDERS, and SACHETS, made into a paste with mucilage of gum tragacanth, and moulded into any desired forms, as that of b.a.l.l.s, beads, medallions, &c. The larger ones are frequently polished.

=SCENTED CAS'SOLETTES.= See POT POURRI, and _above_.