Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 48

The calorific value of anthracite coal is well shown by the following results from Dr Fyfe's experiments, to compare Scotch and English bituminous coals with anthracite, in regard to their evaporative power, in a high-pressure boiler of a 4-horse engine having a grate with 815 square feet of surface; also in a waggon-shaped copper boiler, open to the air, surface 18 feet, grate 155:--

KEY: A - Pounds burnt per hour on the Grate.

B - Duration of the Trial in hours.

C - Temperature of the Water.

D - Pounds of Water evaporated from the initial Temperature by 1 lb. of coal.

E - Pounds of Water at 212 from a lb. of Coal.

F - Coal per hour on one sq. ft. of Grate.

G - Time in seconds of consuming 1 lb. of Coal.

H - Pounds evaporated per hour from each sq. ft. of surface.

-------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+---------------- Kind of Fuel employed. A B C D E F G H Remarks.

-------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+---------------- Middlerig Scotch 8133 9 45 666 774 1000 4427 ... Pressure 17 lbs.

coal per square in.

Scotch coal, 108 5 170 662 689 1325 3333 ... Ditto.

different variety from preceding ANTHRACITE 4794 8-1/2 45 873 1010 588 7509 ... Ditto.

Scotch coal, from 824 8-1/2 50 538 690 531 43689 315 Lower pressure, near Edinburgh open copper boiler.

English bituminous 607 84 50 784 907 391 50308 306 Ditto.

coal -------------------+--------+-------+------+------+-------+-------+--------+------+---------------

s.p.a.ce will not admit of our entering fully into the question of the evaporative power of anthracite, but its advantages under certain conditions are fully established.

=AN'THRAc.o.kA'LI=. [Eng., L.] _Syn_. ANTHRAKOKA'LI, ANTHRAK'ALI; AN'THRAc.o.kA'LI, Hamb. C. 1845. _Prep_. 1. (Polya.) Carbonate of pota.s.sa, 6 oz.; quick-lime, 3-1/2 oz.; water, 4 pints; proceed as directed for solution of pota.s.sa, then evaporate the clear liquid, in an iron capsule, to about 6 fl. oz., add of finely powdered mineral coal 5 oz., boil, with constant stirring, to dryness, and continue the stirring at a reduced heat, until the whole is converted into a h.o.m.ogeneous black powder, which must be at once placed in small, dry, and well-stoppered phials.

2. (Hamb. C. 1845; Ph. Baden, 1841.) Hydrate of pota.s.sa, 7 dr.; melt, add of cannel coal, 5 dr., and then proceed as before.

_Prop. &c._ A deliquescent black powder, with a caustic taste, and empyreumatic smell; 10 gr. with 1 fl. oz. of water, after filtration, forms a clear, dark brown solution, giving a precipitate with acids, without effervescence.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 gr., twice or thrice daily; and externally, made into a pomade or ointment (1/2 to 1 dr., to lard, 1 oz.); in skin diseases (particularly herpetic eruptions), scrofula, chronic rheumatism, &c. It has been highly extolled by Dr Gilbert, and by its inventor, Dr Polya; but apparently undeservedly.

=Anthrac.o.kali Sulphuretted.= _Syn._ ANTHRAc.o.kALI SULPHURETUM, L. _Prep._ (Polya.) As formula 1 (_above_), but adding sulphur, 4 dr., immediately after stirring in the powdered coal.--_Dose_, _use_, &c., as the last. See FULIGOKALI.

=ANTHRACOM'ETER.= _Syn._ ANTRACOM'ETRUM, L.; ANTHRACOMeTRE, Fr.; KOHLENSaUREMESSER, Ger. An apparatus used to determine the heating power or commercial value of coal, or other fuel; also an instrument for finding the proportion of carbonic acid in any gaseous mixture.

=ANTHRAPURPURIN.= C_{14}H_{8}O_{5}.--A colouring matter obtained as a secondary product in the preparation of alizarin from anthracen. It may be prepared by dissolving the crude colouring matter in a dilute solution of carbonate of soda, and shaking up the resulting solution with freshly precipitated alumina, which combines with the alizarin, leaving the anthrapurpurin in solution. This is filtered off from the alizarin lake, heated to boiling, and acidified with hydrochloric acid. The colouring matter which is precipitated is thrown on to a filter, washed and dried.

Anthrapurpurin has about the same affinity for mordants as alizarin. It forms red with alumina, and purple and black with iron mordants. The reds are much purer and less blue in colour than those of the alizarin, whilst the purples are bluer and the blacks more intense. The anthrapurpurin colours resist soap and light quite as effectively as those produced with alizarin. When employed to dye Turkey-red, anthrapurpurin gives a very brilliant scarlet shade of colour, which is of remarkable durability.

=ANTHYPNOTICS= (-thip-). _Syn._ ANTIHYPNOT'ICS (-hip-), &c. See AGRIPNOTICS.

=AN'TI-.= [Gr., a?t?, against.] In _composition_, before, against, contrary to, corrective of, &c., more especially representing antagonism or opposition; whilst the Latin _ante-_ is generally used in the sense of before, having reference to precedence either of place or time.

_Anti-_ is a common prefix in English words derived from the Greek and Latin, especially those connected with pharmacology and medicine, the final _i_ being either dropped or retained (but generally the first) before a, e, and h; as in antacid, antibilious, anti-emetic, anthelmintic, anti-corbutic, antiseptic, &c., whether used as adjectives or substantives. These compounds, which are very numerous, are in general self-explanatory.

=AN'TIARINE= (-in; -ti'--Brande). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ AN'THIARINE, Eng., Fr.; ANTIARI'NA, ANTHIARI'NA, ANTIA"RIA, UPA'SIA (-zh'a), L. The active principle of the upas poison of Java. It is extracted from the partially insp.i.s.sated juice (upas poison) of the upas tree by alcohol, and may be obtained under the form of small pearly crystalline scales by careful evaporation.--_Prod._ About 3-1/2% (Mulder).

_Prop., &c._ Soluble in 27 parts of boiling water; freely soluble in alcohol; scarcely so in ether; heat decomposes it. It is a frightful poison, to which no antidote is known. Even a minute quant.i.ty introduced into a wound rapidly brings on vomiting, convulsions, and death. "It renders the heart insensible to the stimulus of the blood." (Sir B.

Brodie.)

=ANTI-ATTRI"TION= (-trish'-) [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANTIFRICTION GREASE, AXLE-GREASE, FRICTION COMPO', LU'BRICATING COMPOUND, &c. _Prep._ 1. Good plumbago (black lead), finely powdered and sifted, so as to be perfectly free from grit, is gradually added, through a sieve, to 5 times its weight of good lard contained in an iron pan and rendered semi-fluid, but _not_ liquid, by a gentle heat; the ma.s.s being vigorously stirred with a strong wooden spatula, after each addition, until the mixture is complete, and the composition smooth and uniform. The heat is then gradually raised until the whole liquefies, when the vessel is removed from the fire to a cool situation, and the stirring, which should have been unremitted, continued until the mixture is quite cold. It is applied in the cold state, with a brush, about once a day, according to the velocity of the parts; and is said to be fully 3-4ths cheaper in use than oil, tallow, tar, or any of the ordinary compo's. When intended for uses in which it will be exposed to warmth, and consequent waste by dripping, a part, or even the whole of the lard is replaced by hard strained grease or tallow, or a little bees' wax is added during its manufacture.

2. Black lead, 1 part; tallow or grease, 4 parts; ground together until perfectly smooth, either with or without camphor, 3 to 5 _lbs._ per cwt.

Expired patent.

3. Scotch soda, 60 _lbs._; water, 30 _galls._; dissolve in a capacious boiler, and palm oil and hard tallow, of each 1-1/4 _cwt._, and having withdrawn the heat, stir vigorously as before, until the ma.s.s is h.o.m.ogeneous and nearly solidified. In hot weather the proportion of tallow is increased, and that of the palm oil diminished; in winter, the reverse.

Used for the axles of railway carriages and other coa.r.s.e purposes. For express trains all tallow is usually employed, irrespective of the weather or season.

4. Melt, but avoid boiling, 16 _lbs._ tallow, and dissolve in it 2-1/4 _lbs._ of sugar of lead; then add 3 _lbs._ of black antimony. The mixture must be constantly stirred till cold. This composition is for cooling the necks of shafts, and may be of service where the shafts are not of the proper length, or the bearings are at fault.

5. Lard, 2-1/2 _lbs._; camphor, 1 _oz._; black lead, 1/2 _lb._ Rub the camphor in a mortar, into a paste with a small portion of the lard; then add the remainder of the lard and the black lead, and thoroughly mix.

6. (_Railway Grease._)--For summer use, tallow, 1 _cwt._ 3 _qrs._; palm oil, 1 _cwt._ 1 _qr._ For autumn or spring, tallow, 1 _cwt._ 2 _qrs._; palm oil, 1 _cwt._ 2 _qrs._ For winter, tallow, 1 _cwt._ 1 _qr._; palm oil, 1 _cwt._ 3 _qrs._ Melt the tallow in a boiler, then add to it the palm oil as soon as the mixture boils, and put out the fire. When the mixture, which should now be frequently stirred, has cooled down to blood heat (98 to 100 F.), it should be run through a sieve into a solution of from 56 to 60 _lbs._ of soda in about 3 _galls._ of water. Thoroughly mix by stirring.

7. Bean or rye flour, 1 _cwt._; water, 6 _cwt._; mix to a smooth paste, raise the heat until the mixture boils, and stir in first of milk of lime (of about the consistence of cream), 7 _cwt._; resin-oil, 10 _cwt._; and stir vigorously until cold. Inferior.

8. (Booth's.)--_a._ From Scotch soda, 1/2 _lb._; boiling water, 1 _gall._; palm oil or tallow, or any mixture of them, 10 _lbs._; as before, observing to continue the stirring until the mixture has cooled down to 60 or 70 Fahr.

_b._ Soda, 1/2 _lb._; water and rape-oil, of each 1 _gall._; tallow or palm-oil, 1/2 _lb._; as last. Expired patent.

9. (Mankettrick's.) From caoutchouc (dissolved in oil of turpentine), 4 _lbs._; Scotch soda, 10 _lbs._; glue, 1 _lb._; (dissolved in) water, 10 _galls._; oil, 10 _galls._; thoroughly incorporated by a.s.siduous stirring, adding the caoutchouc last.

10. (LIARD, Fr.). Finest rape-oil, 1 _gall._; caoutchouc (cut small), 3 _oz._; dissolve with heat.

_Uses, &c._ To lessen friction in machinery, prevent the bearings rusting, &c. The simplest are perhaps the best. Of late years several different liquid hydrocarbons obtained from coal, and particularly paraffin oil, have been extensively employed in this way. See FRICTION, LUBRICATION, &c.

=ANTIBIL'IOUS= (-yus). _Syn._ ANTIBILIO'SUS, L.; ANTIBILIEUX, Fr. An epithet of medicines that are supposed to remove ailments depending on disordered action of the liver. Aperients, mercurials, and aloetic purgatives generally, belong to this cla.s.s. See ABERNETHY MEDICINES, BILE, PILLS, &c.

=ANTICAR'DIUM.= See REVIVER (Black).

=ANTI-CHOLERA ACID= (H. Ludwig, Vienna; also an American preparation). "A proved cure and preventive of cholera." Diluted sulphuric acid, 1 part; wine, 5 parts; water, 10 parts. (Hager, Buchner, and Wittstein.)

=ANTI-CHOLERA WATER= (Eau Anticholerique de Duboc, Paris), for lead colic and a preventive of cholera. Composed of water with some brandy and 1/2 per cent. of sulphuric acid. (Gmelin.)

=AN'TICHLORE= (-klore). Among _bleachers_, any substance, agent, or means, by which the pernicious after-affects of chlorine are prevented. Washing with a weak solution of sulphite of soda (which converts any adhering 'bleaching salt' into sulphate, sulphide, or chloride) is commonly adopted for this purpose. Recently chloride of tin, used in the same way, has been recommended. A cheap sulphite of lime, prepared by agitating milk of lime with the fumes of burning sulphur, and draining and air-drying the product, has been lately patented in England and America, by Prof.

Horsford, under the name of 'ANTICHLORIDE OF LIME,' See BLEACHING, &c.

=AN'TIDOTE= (-dote). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANTID'OTUM, ANTID'OTUS, L.; ANTIDOT, GEGENGIFT, Ger. In _medicine_, _toxicology_, &c., a substance administered to counteract or lessen the effects of poison.

The princ.i.p.al poisons, with their antidotes, are noticed under their respective heads. Also see POISONS, TOXICOLOGY, &c.

=ANTI-EPILEPTIc.u.m= (Wepler, Berlin), known as Wepler's Krampfpulver.

Magnesia alba, 5 parts; rad. dictamni, 15 parts; rad. zedoar, 12 parts; rad. artemis, 8 parts; soot, 1/2 part; ol. valerian, 1/2 part; ol.

cajeputi, 1/4 part.

Dr Hager is the authority for the above, and he adds that formerly the same proprietor sold a remedy which consisted of a black powder made by carbonising hempen thread.

=ANTIFER'MENT= (pop. and more us., in this sense, _an'tiferment'_). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANTIFERMEN'TUM, L. Any substance which prevents or arrests fermentation. Several nostrums are sold under this name in the cider-districts. The following are tried and useful formulae:--

_Prep._ 1. Sulphite (not sulph_ate_) of lime, in fine powder, 1 part; marble-dust, ground oyster-sh.e.l.ls, or chalk, 7 parts; mix, and pack tight, so as to exclude the air.

2. Sulphite (not sulph_ate_) of pota.s.sa, 1 part; new black-mustard seed (ground in a pepper-mill), 7 parts; mix, and pack so as to perfectly exclude air and moisture. _Dose_ (of either), 1/2 _oz._ to 1-1/2 _oz._ per _hhd._