Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 168

_Prep._ Rye flour, 1 lb.; old yeast, 4 oz.; common salt, 2 oz.

=Poultice, Sulphate of Lime.= (Blizard.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA CALCIS SULPHATIS. _Prep._ Paris plaster mixed with water to a soft paste, and applied before it hardens. Formerly applied to ulcers to form an artificial scab; now occasionally used to afford mechanical support in some surgical cases.

=Poultice of Sulphate of Soda.= (Kirkland.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SODae SULPHATIS. _Prep._ Sulphate of soda, 1 oz.; boiling water, 1/2 lb.; crum of bread, a sufficient quant.i.ty.

=Poultice to cause Suppuration.= (E. Ph. 1774.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA SUPPURANS. To an emollient cataplasm add bruised onions, 1-1/2 oz.; basilicon ointment, 1 oz.

=Poultice of Tannate of Lead.= (G. Ph.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA AD DEc.u.mBITUM; PLUMb.u.m TANNIc.u.m PULTIFORME. _Prep._ Boil 2 oz. Of oak bark in sufficient water to yield 10 oz. of strained decoction; add to this 1 oz. (by weight) of liquid subacetate of lead, collect the precipitate on a filter, and put it into a bottle with 2 dr. of rectified spirit.

=Poultice, Tonic.= (G. Hosp.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA TONIc.u.m. _Prep._ Powdered bark, 1 oz.; charcoal, 1 oz.; camphor, 1-1/2 dr.; oil of turpentine, q. s.

=Poultice, Turnip.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA RAPI. _Prep._ Peel turnips, boil them till soft, beat them to a pulp, and apply warm.

=Poultice, Turpentine.= (Dr Reece.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA TEREBINTHINae.

_Prep._ Oil of turpentine, 2 dr.; olive oil, 1 oz.; linseed meal, 1 oz.; oatmeal, 4 oz.; boiling water, q. s. To indolent ulcers, and, with more turpentine, to deep burns, scalds, and chilblains.

=Poultice of Vin'egar.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA ACETI, L. _Prep._ From crum of bread soaked in vinegar. Applied cold in bruises, extravasations, &c., especially black eyes. Verjuice is often employed in the same way.

=Poultice of Walnut Leaves.= (Perfect.) _Syn._ CATAPLASMA JUGLANDIS.

_Prep._ The fresh leaves of walnut bruised and mixed with honey. Applied over the abdomen as a vermifuge.

=Poultice of Yeast.= _Syn._ CATAPLASMA FERMENTI (B. P., Ph. L.), C. F.

CEREVISIae, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Beer yeast and water at 100 Fahr., of each 5 fl. oz.; mix, stir in flour, 1 lb., and place it near the fire until it rises. In gangrenous or foul ulcers; to correct the fetor of the discharge, and to hasten the sloughing.

2. (B. P.) Beer yeast, 6; flour, 14; water (at 100 Fahr.), 6; mix. Place the ma.s.s near the fire till it rises.

=POUL'TRY.= Domestic birds, which are propagated and fed for the table, and for their eggs, feathers, &c.

The poultry of this country are the common domestic fowl, the turkey, the duck, and the goose; to which some writers add the guinea-fowl and the peac.o.c.k. Of these, the first is the most generally useful. Though a native of India, it accompanies man through almost every gradation of civilisation and climate, and flourishes almost everywhere, when properly secured from the inclemency of the weather, and allowed an ample supply of fresh air, with proper food. For the production of abundance of eggs it must, however, be well fed and warmly lodged. The hen-roosts and poultry-houses should be well protected from the weather, and their temperature should be duly maintained by proximity to the stables, cow-houses, or dwelling-house, and, in cold weather, by the employment, when necessary, of artificial heat. The food should also contain an ample supply of nitrogenous matter, for without this how can it be expected that hens can produce abundance of eggs, which are peculiarly rich in nitrogen?

The 'greaves' of the tallow-chandlers, and such-like substances, are hence excellent additions to the ordinary food of poultry. But it is not sufficient merely to supply poultry with abundance of food and warmth; it is equally necessary that they should have ample s.p.a.ce for exercise and recreation. This s.p.a.ce "should always contain living plants of various kinds, and some gravelly or sandy soil; because worms, snails, as well as, occasionally, gra.s.s and herbage, form a part of the food of poultry; and sand or gravel is swallowed by them for the purpose of promoting digestion. Hence, no healthy poultry can ever be reared in towns, however much the natural food may be imitated by the supply of animal matters, herbage, and sand." (Loudon.)

=POUNCE.= Powdered gum sandarac generally pa.s.ses under this name. It is used to prepare parchment for writing on, and to prevent ink from spreading upon paper after erasures. Powdered cuttle-fish bone is occasionally employed in the same way. Both are applied to the surface by means of a cylindrical roll of list called a 'rubber.' Packers rub the surface of porous and greasy woods, as the heads of boxes, cases, casks, &c., with whiting or powdered resin, to make them bear the ink. The coloured powders used by pattern drawers, for sprinkling over p.r.i.c.ked papers, are also called 'pounce.' For liquid pounce, see MARKING INK.

=POWDER.= _Syn._ PULVIS, L. Powders are divided by pharmaceutical writers into two cla.s.ses--simple and compound. The first are prepared by simple pulverisation; the second by the admixture of two or more simple powders.

For use the appropriate doses are separately weighed, and placed in separate papers. They are usually exhibited in a little honey, sugar, or milk, either taken from a spoon or made into an electuary or bolus, and swallowed in the semi-solid form. Metallic and other heavy powders are best taken in the latter state. Very active substances should be, in all cases, mixed with some inert powder, as that of starch, gum, liquorice, or marshmallow, at the time of 'dispensing' them.

"This form of preparing medicines is the simplest, and perhaps the least objectionable; but it is not applicable to all the articles of the Materia Medica. Those remedies which are very unpleasant to the taste; those which deliquesce rapidly when exposed to the air, or are very volatile; and those which require to be given in very large doses, or which are not diffused readily in water, cannot, with propriety, be administered in the form of powder. Some substances cannot be reduced to powder unless they be very much dried, and the heat necessary for that purpose alters their properties." Nor can we "be surprised that a great alteration should be effected in a short time by the action of the air on so great an extension of surface as takes place in the operation usually adopted for reducing drugs to a fine powder." (A. T. Thomson.)

In this country compound powders appear to be a favourite form of medicine in the diseases of infancy and childhood.

"It is necessary that whatever we order to be reduced to powder should be rubbed through a fine sieve, so that the impurities and coa.r.s.er parts may be separated; and it is needful that most powders should be recently prepared, and not too long kept." (Ph. L.)

As nearly all powders suffer by exposure to the air and light, they should be preserved in closely-corked opaque or green-gla.s.s bottles, or in tin canisters from which the external air is carefully excluded. See PULVERISATION, &c.

=Powder, Algaroth's.= See ANTIMONY, OXYCHLORIDE.

=Powder of Al'oes (Compound).= _Syn._ PULVIS ALOeS COMPOSITUS (Ph. L.), P.

ALOeS c.u.m GUAIACO, L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Socotrine or hepatic aloes (in powder), 1-1/2 oz.; guaiac.u.m (in powder), 1 oz.; compound cinnamon powder, 1/2 oz.; rub them together. A warm, sudorific purgative.--_Dose_, 10 to 20 gr.

=Powder of Aloes with Canel'la.= _Syn._ ALOETIC POWDER, HOLY BITTER; HIERA PICRA, PULVIS ALOES c.u.m CANELLa, L. _Prep._ From powdered Socotrine or hepatic aloes, 4 parts; powdered white canella, 1 part. Uses and dose, as the last.

_Obs._ Once a highly popular remedy. It was originally made into an electuary with honey, and in this form was frequently called 'HIERA LOGADII,' It is still a favourite in domestic medicine and veterinary practice. The princ.i.p.al objection to both this and the preceding preparation is the nauseous flavour of the aloes, which is ill concealed by the aromatics. The 'HIERA PICRA' for farriers is usually made with the cheapest Cape aloes.

=Powder of Aloes with Iron.= (L. Ph. 1788.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALOETICUS c.u.m FERRO. _Prep._ Aloes, 1-1/2 oz.; myrrh, 2 oz.; sulphate of iron, 1 oz.; dried extract of gentian, 1 oz.

=Powder of Al'um (Compound).= _Syn._ STYPTIC POWDER; PULVIS STYPTICUS, P.

ALUMINIS COMPOSITUS (Ph. E.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. E.) Alum, 4 oz.; kino, 1 oz.; mix them, and reduce them to fine powder. Astringent and styptic.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr.; in diarrha, profuse menstruation, &c.

Externally, in haemorrhages, &c.

=Powder, Alum, Opiated.= (Bouchardat.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALUMINIS OPIATUS.

_Prep._ Alum, 1 dr.; sugar, 1 dr.; opium, 4 gr.; mix for 12 powders. 2 or 3 daily in obstinate diarrhas and pa.s.sive haemorrhages.

=Powder of Alum with Capsic.u.m.= (Dr Turnbull.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALUMINIS c.u.m CAPSICO. _Prep._ Alum, 3 parts; concentrated tincture of capsic.u.m, 1 part; mix, dry, and triturate again. Applied to the tonsils.

=Powder of Alum with Gum.= (Frankel.) _Prep._ Alum, gum tragacanth, of each equal parts. Applied to sore b.r.e.a.s.t.s.

=Powder of Alum with Starch.= (St. Th. Hosp.) _Syn._ PULVIS ALUMINIS c.u.m AMYLO. _Prep._ Alum and starch, equal parts. In insufflation of rhinorrha.

=Powder of Ambergris with Musk.= (Bat. Ph.) _Syn._ PULVIS AMBERGRISEae MOSCHATUS. _Prep._ Ambergris, 6 dr.; musk, 1 dr.; oil of cinnamon, 2 scruples; refined sugar, 11-1/2 oz.; mix.

=Powder, Ammoniated Aromatic.= _Syn._ PULVIS AMMONIATUS AROMATICUS; LEAYSON'S AMMONIACAL COLLYRIUM. _Prep._ Muriate of ammonia, 1 dr.; slaked lime, 1 oz.; charcoal, 15 gr.; cinnamon, 15 gr.; cloves, 15 gr., bole, 1/2 dr. Put them into a bottle and moisten with a little water.

=Powder of Ancho'vy.= _Syn._ PULVIS CLUPEae ENCRASICOLI, L. _Prep._ Pound anchovies to a paste, then rub them through a sieve, and add enough flour to make a dough, which must be rolled out into thin slices and dried by a gentle heat in a stove; it is, lastly, powdered and bottled. Colouring is frequently added. Chiefly used to make sauces. British anchovies are frequently subst.i.tuted for the genuine fish.

=Powder, Anthrakokali, Compound.= _Syn._ PULVIS ANTHRAKOKALI, COMPOUND.

_Prep._ Anthrakokali, 2 gr.; washed sulphur, 6 gr.; mix. For 1 dose.

=Powder, Anthrakokali, Simple.= (Poyla.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTHRAKOKALI SIMPLEX. _Prep._ Anthrakokali, 2 gr.; liquorice powder, 6 gr.; mix. For 1 dose.

=Powder, Antiepileptic.= _Syn._ PULVIS ANTIEPILEPTICUS (E. Ph., 1744.) _Prep._ White dittany, paeony, valerian, mistletoe of the oak, equal parts.--_Dose_, 10 to 6 gr. (Behrends.) _Prep._ Valerian, 4 dr.; magnesia, muriate of ammonia, oil of cajeput, of each 1 scruple.--_Dose._ A teaspoonful three times a day. Dr Paris says the following was used successfully by a Dutch empiric:--Sulphur, 1 scruple; sulphate of potash, 10 gr.; rhubarb, 5 gr.; nutmeg, 2 gr.; mix. (Germ. Hosp.) _Prep._ Oxide of zinc, 16 gr.; carbonate of magnesia, 48 gr.; oleo-saccharum of cajeput, 3 dr. Mix for 8 doses. _Poudre de Ragolo._ Oxide of zinc, 10 gr.; valerian, mistletoe, sugar, orange leaves, of each 4 dr.; magnesia, 2 scruples; oil of cajeput, 2 scruples; a teaspoonful three times a day. Pasquier prescribes--Wall crop, 10 gr.; gum Arabic, 10 gr.; 1 to 4 powders daily for eight times. SOMMER'S SPECIFIC consists of--Wall crop, 6 to 10 gr.; oleo-saccharum of mint, 8 gr.; one morning and evening for six times. See PULVIS ARTEMISIae SACCHARATUS. The _Poudre de Guttete_ consists of mistletoe, 2 parts; white dittany, 2; paeony root and seeds, 2; prepared coral, 1; elk's hoof, 2; seeds of orache, 2. Given in doses of a few grains in convulsions of infants, or in larger doses for epilepsy.

=Powder, Antihydrophobic.= (Dr Mead.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTILYSSUS. _Prep._ Ash-coloured ground liver-wort (_Pettidea canina_), 1/2 oz.; black pepper, 2 dr.; mix, and give a fourth part every morning for 4 times.

=Powder, Antimo"nial.= _Syn._ FEVER POWDER, LISLE'S P., JAMES'S P.; PULVIS JACOBI, PULVIS ANTIMONIALIS (B. P., Ph. E., & D.), PULVIS ANTIMONII COMPOSITUS (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) A mixture of tersulphide of antimony, 1 lb., and hartshorn shavings, 2 lbs., is reduced to powder, thrown into a crucible heated to whiteness, and stirred constantly until vapour no longer rises; the calcined mixture is then rubbed to powder, again put into the crucible, and the heat gradually increased to whiteness, and maintained so for 2 hours; the residuum is, lastly, reduced to a very fine powder.

2. (Ph. E.) From sulphide of antimony and hartshorn shavings, equal weights; as the last.

3. (Ph. D.) Tartarised antimony, 4 oz., is dissolved in water, 1/2 gall., and added to solution of phosphate of soda, 4 oz., in water, 1 quart; a solution of chloride of calcium, 2 oz., in water, 1 quart, and to which solution of ammonia (Ph. D.), 4 fl. oz., has been added, is next poured in, and the whole boiled for 20 minutes; the precipitate is then collected on a calico filter, and washed with hot distilled water, until the liquid which pa.s.ses ceases to give a precipitate with a weak solution of nitrate of silver; it is, lastly, dried by a steam or water heat, and reduced to a fine powder.

4. (B. P.) Oxide of antimony, 1; precipitated phosphate of lime, 2; mix.--_Dose_, 2 to 6 gr.

_Uses, &c._ Febrifuge and diaph.o.r.etic. Intended as a subst.i.tute for the proprietary and more expensive JAMES'S POWDER.--_Dose_, 3 to 10 or 12 gr., or more, repeated every fourth or fifth hour until diaph.o.r.esis is set up; in fevers, rheumatic affections, chronic skin diseases, &c. It is a very uncertain and variable compound, unless it has been carefully prepared. Dr Elliotson exhibited it in doses of 100 gr. without producing any sensible effect. A spurious article, made by triturating 1 oz. of tartar emetic with 18 or 19 oz. of burnt hartshorn, is frequently sold for it in the shops. See ANTIMONIOUS ACID and JAMES'S POWDER.

=Powder, Antispasmodic.= (P. Cod.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTISPASMODICUS. _Prep._ Cyanide of zinc, 3 gr.; calcined magnesia, 24 gr.; cinnamon, 12 gr.; mix.

For 6 doses.

=Powder, Antispasmodic.= (Jourdan.) _Syn._ PULVIS ANTISPASMODICUS. _Prep._ Valerian, 1 oz.; oxide of zinc, 1 scruple; musk, 8 gr.; mix.

=Powder, Aromat'ic.= See POWDER, COMPOUND CINNAMON.