Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 160

3. Linseed oil (pale), 1 quart; strong distilled vinegar, 1/2 pint; spirit of turpentine, 1/4 pint; muriatic acid, 1 oz.

=Furniture Cream.= _Prep._ 1. Pearlash, 2 oz.; soft soap, 4 oz.; beeswax, 1 lb.; water, 1 gall.; boil until the whole is united and forms a creamy liquid when cold.

2. Beeswax, 1/2 lb.; good yellow soap, 1/4 lb.: water, 5 pints; boil to a proper consistence with constant agitation, then add of boiled oil and spirit of turpentine, of each 1/2 pint. For use, the above are diluted with water, spread upon the surface with a painter's brush, and then polished off with a hard brush, cloth, or leather.

3. Boiled oil (pale), 1/2 pint; beeswax, 1-1/2 oz.; mixed by heat. Applied by a 'rubber,' and at once polished off.

4. (For wooden furniture.) White wax, 8 parts; resin, 2 parts; true Venice turpentine, 1/2 pint; melt at a gentle heat. The warm ma.s.s, completely melted, is poured into a stone jar, agitated, and 6 parts of rectified oil of turpentine added thereto. After 24 hours the ma.s.s, having the consistency of soft b.u.t.ter, is ready for use. Before using the paste the furniture should be washed with soap and water, and then well dried.

('Dingler's Journal.')

=Furniture Oil.= See OILS, MIXED.

=Furniture Paste.= _Prep._ 1. Oil of turpentine, 1 pint; alkanet root, 1/4 oz.; digest until sufficiently coloured, then add of beeswax (sc.r.a.ped small), 4 oz.; put the vessel into hot water, and stir until the mixture is complete, then put it into pots. If wanted pale, the alkanet root should be omitted.

2. (White.) White wax, 1 lb.; solution of pota.s.sa, 1/2 gall.; boil to a proper consistence.

=Polish, Harness.= See BLACKING, HARNESS.

=Polish, Leather.= See BLACKING.

=POL'LARD.= See FLOUR.

=POL'YCHREST.= _Syn._ POLYCHRESTUS, L. A term formerly applied to several medicines on account of the numerous virtues they were supposed to possess. Sal polycrestus is the old name for sulphate of pota.s.sa.

=POL'YCHROITE.= The name formerly given to the colouring matter of saffron, from the variety of colours which it exhibits with different reagents. Its alcoholic and aqueous solutions are of a golden yellow; nitric acid turns it green; sulphuric acid, first blue, and then lilac.

=POM'ACE.= See CIDER.

=POMA'TUM.= _Syn._ POMMADE, Fr. This term was originally applied to a fragrant ointment prepared with lard and apples; but is now wholly restricted, in this country, to solid greasy substances used in dressing the hair. The pomatums of French pharmacy (POMMADES, GRAISSES MeDICAMENTEUSES--P. Cod.; LIPAROLeS--Guibourt; LIPAROLeS and LIPAROIDeS--Beral; STEAROLeS--Chereau) are soft ointments, having a basis of lard or fat, without resinous matter. See OINTMENT and POMMADE.

=POMEGRAN'ATE.= The _Tunica granatum_ (Linn.), a small tree indigenous in Persia and the East. Fruit (POMEGRANATE; GRANATA, MALA PUNICA) is cooling and astringent; fruit-rind (POMEGRANATE PEEL; MATACORIUM, CORTEX GRANATI; GRANATUM--Ph. L.) and root-bark (GRANATI RADIX--B. P., Ph. L., E., & D.) are powerfully astringent, detersive, and anthelmintic; the last more particularly so. The double flowers of the wild tree (BALAUSTINES; BALAUSTIae), as well as those of the cultivated one (CYTINI), are tonic and astringent.--_Dose_, 15 to 20 gr. of the root-bark, repeated every 30 or 40 minutes, until four doses have been taken, followed by castor oil; in tapeworm. As an astringent, all the parts described are commonly given under the form of decoction.

=POMMADE.= [Fr.] The term applied by Continental perfumers to any soft fragrant ointment (POMATUM).

In the preparation of pommades one of the first objects of consideration is to obtain their fatty basis in as fresh and pure a state as possible.

Lard, beef, and mutton suet, beef marrow, veal fat, and bear's fat, are the substances commonly employed for this purpose, either singly or in mixtures of two or more of them. The fat, carefully selected from a young and healthy animal, after being separated from extraneous skin and fibre, is pounded in a marble mortar, in the cold, until all the membranes are completely torn asunder. It is next placed in a covered porcelain or polished metal pan, and submitted to the heat of a water bath, which is continued until its fatty portion has liquefied, and the alb.u.minous and aqueous matter, and other foreign substances, have completely separated and subsided. The liquid fat is then carefully skimmed, and at once pa.s.sed through a clean flannel filter. In this state it may be aromatised or perfumed at will; after which, when it is intended that the pommade should be opaque and white, it is a.s.siduously stirred or beaten with a gla.s.s or wooden knife, or spatula, until it concretes; but when it is desired that it should appear transparent or crystalline, it is allowed to cool very slowly, and without being disturbed. To prevent the accession of rancidity, a little benzoic acid, gum benzoin, or nitric ether may be added to the fat, whilst in the liquid state, as noticed under FAT and OINTMENT. Sometimes a small portion of white wax or beeswax (according to the intended colour of the product) is melted with the fat to increase its solidity. Some parties employ a few grains of powdered citric acid per ounce, in a like manner, with the intention of increasing the whiteness of the compound; but the practice is not to be commended, as pommades so prepared prove injurious to the hair.

The French perfumers, who are celebrated for the variety and excellence of their pommades, divide them into four cla.s.ses:--

1. POMMADES BY INFUSION. These are made by gently melting in a clean pan, over a water bath, 2 parts of hog's lard, and 1 part of beef suet (both of the finest quality, and carefully 'rendered'), and adding thereto one part of the given flowers, previously carefully picked and separated from foreign matter; or, if the odorous substance is a solid, then coa.r.s.ely bruised, but not reduced to fine powder. The mixture is next digested at a very gentle heat for from 12 to 24 hours, with occasional stirring, the vessel being kept covered as much as possible during the whole time. The next day the mixture is reheated, and again well stirred for a short time, after which it is poured into canvas bags, and these, being securely tied, are submitted to powerful pressure, gradually increased, in a screw or barrel press. This operation is repeated with the same fat and fresh flowers, several times, until the pommade is sufficiently perfumed. A good pommade requires thrice to six times its weight in flowers to be thus consumed; or of the aromatic barks and seeds a corresponding proportion.

The pommades of ca.s.sia, orange flowers, and several others kept by the French perfumers, are prepared in this manner.

2. POMMADES BY CONTACT (ENFLEURAGE). These are made by spreading, with a palette knife, simple pommade (made with lard and suet as above) on panes of gla.s.s or pewter plates, to the thickness of a finger, and sticking the surface all over with the sweet-scented flowers. These last are renewed daily for one, two, or three months, or until the pommade has become sufficiently perfumed. On the large scale, the panes are placed in small shallow frames, made of four pieces of wood nicely fitted together, and are then closely piled one upon another. On the small scale, pewter plates are generally used, and they are inverted one over the other. In some of the perfumeries of France many thousands of frames are employed at once.

The pommades of jasmin, jonquil, orange flowers, narcissus, tuberose, violet, and of some other delicate flowers, are prepared in this manner.

3. POMMADES BY ADDITION. These are prepared by simply adding the fragrant essences or essential oils, in the required quant.i.ty, to the simple pommade of lard and suet to produce the proper odour. In this way the pommades of bergamotte, cedrat, cinnamon, lemons, lemon thyme, lavender, limettes, marjoram, Portugal roses, rosemary, thyme, verbena, and about 40 others kept by the Parisian perfumers, are made.

4. MIXED POMMADES. Of these a great variety exists, prepared by the addition of judicious combinations of the more esteemed perfumes to simple pommade; or, by the admixture of the different perfumed pommades, whilst in the semi-liquid state. (See _below_.)

THE COLOURED POMMADES derive their respective tints from tinctorial matter added to the melted fat before perfuming it. GREEN is given by gum guaiac.u.m (in powder), or by the green leaves or tops of spinach, parsley, lavender, or walnut;--RED, by alkanet root and carmine;--YELLOW and ORANGE, by annatto or palm oil; WHITE POMMADES are made with mutton suet, instead of beef suet. The BROWN and BLACK hard pomatums, vended under the name of 'COSMETIQUE,' are noticed at page 513. A few compound pommades are used as skin cosmetics.

=Pommade.= _Syn._ POMATUM. _Prep._ 1. (PLAIN POMATUM, SIMPLE P.)--_a._ From lard, 2 lbs.; beef suet, 1 lb.; carefully rendered as above. The ordinary consistence for temperate climates.

_b._ Lard and suet, equal parts. For warm climates. Both may be scented at will.

2. (SCENTED POMATUM.)--_a._ Plain pomatum, 1 lb.; melt it by the least possible degree of heat, add of essence of lemon or essence of bergamot, 3 dr.; and stir the mixture until it concretes. This forms the ordinary 'pomatum' of the shops.

_b._ Plain pomatum, 1-1/2 lb.; essence of bergamot, 1-1/2 dr.; essence of lemon, 1 dr.; oils of rosemary and ca.s.sia, of each 1/2 dr.; oil of cloves, 20 drops. More fragrant than the last.

=Pommade, Castor Oil.= _Prep._ 1. From castor oil, 1 lb.; white wax, 4 oz.; melt them together; then add, when nearly cold, of essence of bergamot, 3 dr.; oil of lavender (English), 1/2 dr.; essence of ambergris, 10 drops. Supposed to render the hair glossy.

2. (Crystallised.) From castor oil, 1 lb; spermaceti, 3 oz.; melt them together by a gentle heat, add, of essence of bergamot, 3 dr.; oil of verbena, lavender, and rosemary, of each 1/2 dr.; pour it into wide-mouthed gla.s.s bottles, and allow it to cool very slowly and undisturbed.

=Pommade, Castor Oil and Glycerine.= (American receipt.) White wax, 1-1/2 oz.; glycerin, 2 oz.; castor oil, 12 oz.; essence of lemon, 5 dr.; essence of bergamot, 2 dr.; oil of lavender, 1 dr.; oil of cloves, 10 drops; annatto, 10 gr.; rectified spirit and distilled water, of each a sufficient quant.i.ty. By a moderate heat dissolve the wax in a small portion of the castor oil (one fourth), and triturate it with the remainder of the oil and glycerin till quite cool; then add volatile oils.

Lastly, rub the annatto with a drachm of water till smoothly suspended; add a drachm of alcohol, and stir the colouring into the pomade until it is thoroughly mixed. Avoid much heat.

=Pommade, Cazenave's.= _Prep._ From prepared beef marrow, 4 oz.; tincture of cantharides (P. Cod.), 3 to 4 dr.; powdered cinnamon, 1/2 oz.; melt them together, stir until the spirit has, for the most part, evaporated, then decant the clear portion, and again stir it until it concretes.

Recommended as a remedy for baldness and weak hair. It is to be used night and morning; the head being washed with soap-and-water, and afterwards with salt-and-water, before applying it. Dr Cattell scents it with the oils of origanum and bergamot instead of cinnamon.

=Pommade, Collante.= _Prep._ 1. Oil of almonds, 3 oz.; white wax, 3/4 oz.; melt them together, and add, of tincture of mastic (strong), 1 oz.; essence of bergamot, 1/2 dr. Used to stiffen the hair, and keep it in form.

2. Burgundy pitch (true), 3 oz.; white wax, 2 oz.; lard, 1 oz.; melt, and, when considerably cooled, stir in, of tincture of benzoin, 1 oz.; essence of bergamot, 1/2 dr. Used to fasten false curls.

=Pommade, Cowslip.= _Prep._ From plain pommade, 2 lbs.; essence of bergamot, 3 dr.; essence of lemon and essence of orange peel, of each 1 dr.; huile au jasmin and essence de pet.i.t grain, of each 1/2 dr.; essence of ambergris, 6 drops.

=Pommade, Crystallised.= _Prep._ From olive oil and spermaceti, as crystallised castor oil pommade, with scent at will.

=Pommade of Cuc.u.mbers.= _Syn._ POMMADE DE CONCOMBRES, UNGUENTUM CUc.u.mIS.

_Prep._ Lard, 10 oz.; veal suet, 6 oz.; balsam of tolu, 9 gr.; rose water, 44 minims; cuc.u.mber juice, 12 oz., by weight. Melt the lard and the suet over a water bath, and add the tolu, previously dissolved in a little alcohol, and then the rose water. When clear, decant it into a tinned basin, then add to a third of the cuc.u.mber juice, and stir continually for 4 hours; pour off the juice and add another third, stir as before, then pour off, and add the remainder of the juice; separate as much as possible the fat from the liquid, melt by a water bath, and after some hours skim, and put into pots. (Beat, when in a semi-liquid state, with a wooden spatula, when it will become much lighter and nearly double in bulk.)

=Pommade d'Alyon.= See OINTMENT OF NITRIC ACID. See CUPS.

=Pommade de Beaute.= _Prep._ From oil of almonds, 2 oz.; spermaceti, 2 dr.; white wax, 1-1/2 dr.; glycerin, 1 dr.; balsam of Peru, 1/2 dr.; mixed by a gentle heat. Used as a skin cosmetic as well as for the hair.

=Pommade de Ca.s.se.= _Prep._ From plain pommade, 1 lb.; palm oil, 1/2 oz.; melt, pour off the clear, and add oil of ca.s.sia and huile au jasmin, of each 1 dr.; neroli, 20 drops; oil of verbena or lemon gra.s.s, 15 drops; otto of roses, 5 drops; and stir until nearly cold. Very fragrant.

=Pommade d'Hebe.= _Prep._ To white wax, 1 oz., melted by a gentle heat, add, of the juice of lily bulbs and Narbonne honey, each 2 oz.; rose water, 2 dr.; otto of roses, 2 drops. Applied night and morning to remove wrinkles.

=Pommade de Ninon de l'Enclos.= _Prep._ Take of oil of almonds, 4 oz.; prepared lard, 3 oz.; juice of houseleek, 3 fl. oz. Used chiefly as a skin cosmetic. Said to be very softening and refreshing.

=Pommade Divine.= _Prep._ 1. Washed and purified beef marrow, 2 lbs.; liquid styrax, cypress wood, and powdered orris root, of each 2 oz.; powdered cinnamon, 1 oz.; cloves and nutmegs, of each (bruised) 1/2 oz.; digest the whole together by the heat of a water bath for six hours, and then strain through flannel.

2. Plain pommade, 2 lbs.; essence of lemon and bergamot, of each 2 dr.; oils of lavender and origanum, of each 1 dr.; oils of verbena, ca.s.sia, cloves, and neroli, of each 12 drops; huile au jasmin, 3 dr.; essence of violets, 1/2 oz.

=Pommade, Dupuytren's.= _Prep._ 1. Take of prepared beef marrow, 12 oz.; melt, add of baume nerval (see OINTMENT, NERVINE), 4 oz.; Peruvian balsam and oil of almonds, of each 3 oz.; and lastly, of alcoholic extract of cantharides, 36 gr.; (dissolve in) rectified spirit, 3 fl. dr. This is the original formula for this celebrated pommade. The following modifications of it are now commonly employed:--

2. (Cap.) Beef marrow, 2 oz.; alcoholic extract of cantharides, 8 gr.; rose oil, 1 dr.; essence of lemons, 30 drops.

3. (Guibourt.) Beef marrow and 'baume nerval' (page 1179), of each 1 oz.; rose oil, 1 dr.; alcoholic (or acetic) extract of cantharides, 6 gr.; (dissolved in) rectified spirit, q. s. These compounds are used to promote the growth of the hair and to prevent baldness, for which purpose they are usually coloured and scented according to the taste of the manufacturer.