Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 44

=ANCH'OVY= (-cho'-). _Syn._ ANCHOIS, Fr.; ANCHOVE, ANSCHOVE, Ger.; ACCIUGHE, ANCHIOVE. It.; ANCHOVA, Port., Sp. The _clu'pea encrasic'olus_ (Linn.), a small fish of the herring tribe, closely resembling the English sprat. It is common in the Mediterranean, and occurs in the greatest abundance and of the finest quality about the island of Gorgona, near Leghorn. It is taken in the night, during May, June, and July.

Anchovies are prepared for sale or exportation by salting or pickling them--the heads, intestines and pectoral fins having been first removed, but not the scales, and afterwards packing them, along with rock-salt, in the small kegs in which they are imported into this country. The small fish are valued more than the larger ones. For the table they are often fried to a pale amber colour, in oil or b.u.t.ter; having previously been sc.r.a.ped clean, soaked for an hour or two in water, wiped dry, opened (without dividing the fish), and had the back-bones removed. Before being put into the pan they are usually highly seasoned with cayenne; and after being again closed, are dipped into a rich light batter. They are also divided into fillets, and served as sandwiches, or in curried toasts.

Anchovies are also extensively potted (POTTED ANCHOVIES), and made into b.u.t.ter (A.-b.u.t.tER), and into sauce (A.-SAUCE), particularly the last.

The anchovy has a fine and peculiar flavour, and is eaten as a delicacy all over Europe. It was known to the Greeks and Romans, who prepared from it a kind of garum for the table. It is said to be aperitive, stimulant, and stomachic.

The high price of genuine Gorgona anchovies has led the fraudulent dealer to either subst.i.tute for them, or mix with them, fish of a less expensive kind. The most frequent SUBSt.i.tUTIONS are Dutch, French, and Sicilian fish of allied species or varieties, sardines and even the common sprat. The genuine Gorgona fish is about the length of one's finger; and may be known by its silvery appearance; by the greater thickness of its head, which is sharp-pointed, with the upper jaw considerably the longest, and the mouth deeply divided; the dusky brown colour of its back,[58] and the pink salmon colour of its flesh. When only 3 months old, its flesh is pale; when of 6 months, rather pink; when of 10 to 12 months (or in its prime), a beautiful deep pink colour; and when much older, darker, but less lively. The fin-rays, varying in number with the age of the fish, are--

Yarrell. Ha.s.sall.[59]

Dorsal 14, 16 (?).

Pectoral 15, -- Ventral 7, -- a.n.a.l 18, 19 (?).

Caudal 19, 26 (?).

These fins are delicate in structure and greenish-white; and the membranes connecting the rays almost transparent. "The length of the head, compared with the length of the body alone, is as 1 to 3; the depth of the body but 2-3rds of the length of the head, and compared to the length of the whole fish is as 1 to 7;" the tail is deeply forked, the gill covers are elongated, and the scales of the body large and deciduous." "The breadth of the eye is 1-5th of the length of the whole head."[60] Dutch fish may be generally known by being deprived of the scales, and the French fish by their larger size; and both by the paler or whiter colour of their flesh; and sardines and sprats by the flesh being white. The genuine fish may also be known by the pickle, after repose or filtration, being of a clear pinkish colour, without any red sediment; whilst that from spurious kinds is turbid and red only when agitated, and deposits a heavy red sediment (Armenian bole, Venetian red, or red ochre) on repose. See b.u.t.tER, POTTING, POWDERS, SAUCES, &c.

[Footnote 58: The colour of the top of the head and back is, in the recent fish, blue, with a tinge of green. (Yarrell.)]

[Footnote 59: Counted, by Dr A. H. Ha.s.sall, in fish in the preserved state.]

[Footnote 60: Yarrell's 'British Fishes'.]

=Anchovies, Brit'ish.= See SPRATS.

=ANCHU'SIC ACID= (-ku'zik). See ANCHUSINE.

=ANCHU'SINE.= (-ku'zin). [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ ANCHU'SIC ACID*, PSEU'DO-ALKANN'INE*, PSEUDO-ALKA"NIUM*; ANCHUSI'NA, L. The resinoid const.i.tuting the colouring matter of alkanet-root (which _see_).

=ANCHYLO'SIS= (angk-e-). [L.; prim. Gr.] _Syn._ ANKYLO'SIS, ANCYLO'SIS (an-se-), L.; ANKYLOSE, Fr., Ger. In _pathology_, stiffness or immobility of a joint naturally moveable. Anchylosis is either true or complete, as when the extremities of the bones forming a joint are reunited and immovable; or false, or incomplete, where the affection depends upon a contraction of the tendons and ligaments surrounding the joints, which nevertheless admit of a small degree of motion. For the first there is no available remedy; for the second gentle and progressive flexion and extension of the part daily (carefully avoiding violence), friction with oleaginous and stimulating liniments, and the use of the hot bath, vapour bath, or hot-air or Turkish bath, and electricity, have been strongly recommended, and have frequently proved successful.

=ANCYLO'SIS.= See ANCHYLOSIS.

=ANDITROPFEN= (Kirchner and Menge Arolsen), for weak digestion. Senna, 20 parts; rhubarb, 3 parts; jalap, 6 parts; zedoary root, 2 parts; ginger, 2 parts; galangal, 3 parts; soda, bicarbonate, 5 parts; sugar, 15 parts; water, 300 parts; spirit, 65 parts. After digestion this is to be strained and mixed with an infusion of 30 parts of yarrow (with the flowers) in 300 parts of hot water. After standing some time filter. (Hager.)

=ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA.= (Ind. Ph.) _Syn._ KARIYaT. _Habitat._ Commonly in shady places all over India.--_Officinal part._ The dried stalks and root (Andrographis Caules et Radix, Kariyat, Creyat). The stem, which is usually met with, with the root attached, occurs in pieces of about a foot or more in length, quadrangular, of a lightish-brown colour, and persistent bitter taste.--_Properties._ Bitter tonic and stomachic, very a.n.a.logous to qua.s.sia in its action.--_Therapeutic uses._ In general debility, in convalescence after fevers, and in the advanced stages of dysentery.

_Preparations_:--

=Compound Infusion of Kariyat= (Infusum Andrographis compositum). Take of Kariyat, bruised, 1/2 an ounce; orange-peel and coriander fruit, bruised, of each, 60 grains; boiling water, 10 fluid ounces. Infuse in a covered vessel for an hour and strain.--_Dose._ From 1-1/2 to 2 fluid ounces, twice or thrice daily.

=Compound Tincture of Kariyat= (Tinctura Andrographis composita). Take of kariyat root, cut small, 6 ounces; myrrh and aloes, in coa.r.s.e powder, of each 1 ounce; brandy, 2 pints. Macerate for seven days in a closed vessel, with occasional agitation; strain, press, filter, and add sufficient brandy to make two pints.--_Dose._ From 1 to 4 fluid drachms. Said to be tonic, stimulant, and gently aperient, and to prove valuable in several forms of dyspepsia, and in torpidity of the bowels.

=ANDROPOGON (CYMBOPOGON) CITRATUM.= Lemon Gra.s.s. (Ind. Ph.) _Habitat._ Commonly cultivated in gardens in India; also in Ceylon, upon a large scale, for the sake of its volatile oil.--_Officinal part._ The volatile oil (Oleum Andropogi Citrati, Lemon Gra.s.s Oil, Oil of Verbena), obtained by distillation from the fresh plant; of a pale sherry colour, transparent, extremely pungent taste, and a peculiar fragrant lemon-like odour.--_Properties._ Stimulant, carminative, antispasmodic, and diaph.o.r.etic; locally applied, rubefacient.--_Therapeutic use._ In flatulent and spasmodic affections of the bowels, and in gastric irritability. In cholera it proves serviceable by aiding the process of reaction. Externally, as an embrocation in chronic rheumatism, neuralgia, sprains, and other painful affections.

_Dose._ From 3 to 6 drops, on sugar or in emulsion. For external application it should be diluted with twice its bulk of soap liniment or any bland oil.

=ANDROPOGON (CYMBOPOGON) NARDUS.= CITRONELLE. (Ind. Ph.) _Habitat._ Madras Peninsula and Ceylon. The volatile oil of this plant has similar properties to _A. citratum_. and is used for the same purposes.

=ANDROPOGON PACHNODES.= (Ind. Ph.) The volatile oil of this plant possesses similar properties to that of _A. citratum_, and is used for the same purposes.

=ANELEC'TRIC= (an-e-). Non-electric; a non-electric.

=ANEMOM'ETER= (an-e-). _Syn._ ANEMOM'ETRUM, L.; ANeMOMeTRE, Fr.; WINDMESSER, Ger. An instrument or apparatus for measuring the force or velocity of the wind, or of a current of air. Various contrivances have been adopted for this purpose. The anemometer of Dr Lind being also applicable to the determination of the draught of a chimney, and the strength of air-current, in ventilation, may be usefully described here:--

[Ill.u.s.tration]

_Uses and Appl._ The open end (_a_) is kept, by means of a vane, presented to the wind, which acting on the surface of the water, or other liquid in _b_, raises the level of the fluid in the arm (_c_). The difference of the level of the fluid in the two arms of the instrument is the measure of the force of the wind. To estimate the draught of a flue or chimney, the arm (_c_) is placed in the chimney, and the orifice (_a_) in the apartment.[61]

[Footnote 61: The anemometers now generally used in meteorological observations are those of Mr Follet Osler, Dr Robinson, and Dr Whewell.

For a description of these instruments, see Phillip's 'Report on Anemometry,' the 'Trans. of the Brit. a.s.soc.,' 1846, 'Trans. Royal Irish Acad.,' &c.]

=ANEMOM'ETRY.= _Syn._ ANEMOME'TRIA, L.; ANeMOMETRIE, Fr.; WINDMESSEN, Ger.

In _meteorology_, _physics_, &c., the art or act of measuring the velocity or force of the wind, or of ascertaining its direction.

=ANEM'ONE= (a-nem'-o-ne). _Syn._ ANEM'ONY; ANEM'ONE, L., Gr.; ANeMONE, Fr.

The wind-flower. In _botany_, a genus of beautiful flowering herbaceous plants, of the nat. ord. Ranunculaceae. The double flowers of some of the species are among the most elegant ornaments of our gardens. Others are used in medicine. They are all acrid and stimulating.

=Anem'ones, Sea.= (-o-nez). _Syn._ AN'IMAL-FLOWERS, SEA SUN'FLOWERS.

Animals of the genus _actin'ia_, so called from the resemblance of their claws or tentacles, when expanded, to the petals of a flower. They are of various colours, are generally fixed by one end to rocks or stones in the sand, and are very voracious, being accused of occasionally swallowing a mussel or a crab as large as a hen's egg for a meal. They belong to the highly organised polypes of Cuvier.

=ANEMON'IC ACID.= See ANEMONINE.

=ANEMONIN.= A crystalline substance found in the leaves of several species of anemone, viz. _A. pulsatilla_, _A. pretensis_, _A. nemorosa_. Water distilled from these leaves, after some weeks, deposits a colourless inodorous substance, which softens at 150 C, giving off water and acrid vapours. It is purified by repeated crystallisation from boiling alcohol.

Anemonin is a poisonous body. It causes slight irritation when applied to the skin. By the action of alkalies anemonin is transferred into anemonic acid.

=ANEM'OSCOPE= (an'-e--Brande, Mayne). _Syn._ ANEMOSCO'PIUM, L.; ANeMOSCOPE, Fr.; ANEMOSKOP, Ger. An instrument to measure the force and velocity of the wind. See ANEMOMETER.

=AN'EROID= (-royd)[62]. In _physics_, &c., not fluid, or not depending on water or a fluid for its action; applied to a certain form of barometer (which _see_)

[Footnote 62: That is--a, _without_, ?????, (the) _watery_, e?d??, _form_, as correctly given by Brande. By some strange mistake, Dr Mayne, in his new 'Expository Lexicon,' gives "a, priv., a??, air, terminal _-ides_," as the derivation of this word; and marks it '_ane'roid_,']

=ANEURISM.= A tumour on an artery, produced by the rupture of the inner coat of the vessel, and the blood getting between it and the outer coat.

=ANGEL'ICA= (-jel'-). [L., Port., Sp.; Ph. E. & D.] _Syn._ GARDEN ANGELICA; ANGeLIQUE, Fr.; ANGELIKA, A.-WURZEL, ANGELKRAUT, Ger. The _angelica archangel'ica_ of Linnaeus, an aromatic herbaceous plant with a biennial, fleshy root, indigenous to the north of Europe, but frequently found wild in England, and largely cultivated in our gardens. Dried root (ANGELICA, Ph. E.), aperient, carminative, diaph.o.r.etic, and tonic; much esteemed by the Laplanders, both as food and medicine;--fruit or seed (ANGELICA, Ph. D.) resembles the root, but is weaker. The whole plant has been extolled as an aromatic tonic. As a masticatory, it leaves an agreeable glowing heat in the mouth. The aromatic properties of this plant depend on a peculiar volatile oil and resin.

_Uses, &c._ It has been recommended in diarrha, dyspepsia, debility, and some fevers; but is now seldom used in medicine. _Dose_, 30 gr. to 1 dr.

The dried root and seeds are used by rectifiers to flavour gin and liqueurs; and the fresh root, tender stems, stalks, &c., are made by the confectioners into an aromatic candy. See CANDYING, LIQUEURS, &c.

=Angelica Atropurpu"rea.= [Linn.] _Syn._ AMER'ICAN ANGELICA; ANGELICA, Ph. U. S. _Hab._ North America. Resembles garden angelica, but placed by some botanists in a separate, though allied genus. It is a popular remedy for flatulent colic, indigestion, and cardialgia, in the United States; and is there regarded as tonic, cordial, and aphrodisiac.

=ANGEL'IC ACID. HC_{5}H_{7}O_{2}.= A volatile substance, noticed by L. A.

Buchner, jun., in angelica-root. It has a pungent sour smell, and a biting acid taste; is sometimes fluid and oleaginous, and sometimes crystallised in striated prisms.[63]

[Footnote 63: Schmidt's 'Jahrb.,' 1842.]

=ANGO'LA= _Syn._ ANGO'LA-WOOL, ANGO"RA-W., ANGO'NA-W., &c.; POIL DE CHEVRON D'ANGORA, Fr.; (Engoor', Engour', or Engu'ri) TIFTIC, Tur. The wool of 'ca'pra Angoren'sis' or the Angora-goat, of which the shawls of Cashmere are made, and others in imitation of them. It is also used to make plush, light cloths for paletots which are repellent of wet, &c.; and is extensively employed in France in the manufacture of lace more brilliant than that of Valenciennes and Chantilly, and at half the price.

See ALPACA, SHAWLS, WOOL, &c.

=ANGOSTU'RA, Angustu'ra.= (-ture'-a). See CUSPARIA.