Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 114

3. SACCHARATED PANCREATIN. Mr Mattison[90] adopts the following process for the preparation of this substance:--The pancreas is dissected and macerated in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid for about forty-eight hours, then separated, and the acidulated solution of pancreas pa.s.sed through a pulp filter until it is perfectly clear. To this clear solution is then added a saturated solution of chloride of sodium, and allowed to stand until the pancreatin is separated. This is carefully skimmed off and placed upon a muslin filter, and allowed to drain, after which it should be washed with a less concentrated solution of sodium chloride, and then put under the press. When all the salt solution has been removed, and the ma.s.s is nearly dry, it is rubbed with a quant.i.ty of sugar of milk, and dried thoroughly without heat, after which it is diluted until ten grains emulsify two drachms of cod-liver oil.

[Footnote 90: 'American Journal of Pharmacy.']

=PANIFICA'TION.= The changes which occur in flour-dough under the influence of the fermentative process and heat, by which it is converted into bread.

=PAPA'VERINE.= _Syn._ PAPAVERINA. An alkaloid discovered by Merck in opium. It crystallises in needles; is insoluble in water; is slightly soluble in cold alcohol and in ether; and forms crystallisable salts with the acids which possess little solubility. The hydrochlorate, one of the most characteristic of these compounds, crystallises in beautiful colourless prisms, which possess a high refractive power, and are only very slightly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. Fluckiger states that papaverine is much less active than thebaine, that it is not soporific either with men or animals, that it does not arrest diarrha, and is but slightly a.n.a.lgesic.

=PALAMOND.= Chocolate 1 oz.; rice flour, 4 oz.; potato arrowroot, 4 oz.; red sanders, in fine powder, 1 dr. Mix. (In the above, by chocolate is meant the cacao beans roasted and pulverised without addition. Indian arrowroot, or Tous les mois, may be subst.i.tuted for the potato arrowroot.)

=PAPER.= _Syn._ CHARTA, PAPYRUS, L.; PAPIER, Fr. The limits of this work preclude the introduction of a description of the manufacture of this well-known and most useful article, which is now almost exclusively made by machinery of an elaborate and most ingenious description. We must, therefore, content ourselves with a short notice of a few of the preparations of the manufactured article. (See _below_.)

Good white paper should be perfectly devoid of odour, and when burnt it should leave a mere nominal amount of ash; digested in hot water, the liquid should be neutral to test paper, and not affected by sulphuretted hydrogen or the alkaline sulphurets, or by tincture of iodine. Coloured papers should not contain any deleterious matter.

=Paper, Antirheumatic.= _Syn._ CHARTA ANTIRHEUMATICA. (M. Berg.) Euphorbium 30 parts; cantharides, 15 parts; alcohol, 150 parts. Digest eight days, filter, and add resin, 60 parts; and turpentine, 50 parts.

Thin paper is to be brushed over two or three times with this varnish.

=Paper, Atropine.= _Syn._ CHARTA ATROPIae. Paper is impregnated by steeping in solution of sulphate of atropia in such a manner that a piece 1/5th of an inch square shall contain 1/250th of a grain of the salt; a square of 1/10th of an inch the 1/1000th of a grain. This square inserted between the eyelid will dilate the pupil.

=Paper, Atropine, Gelatinised.= Tablets of gelatin are impregnated with sulphate of atropia, as above.

=Paper, Anti-asthmatic.= (P. Codex). _Syn._ CHARTA FUMIFERA, L. CARTON ANTI-ASTHMATIQUE, Fr. Unsized grey filtering paper, 12 oz.; nitre, 6 oz.; belladonna, stramonium, digitalis, lobelia inflata, ph.e.l.landrium, all in powder, 1/2 oz. of each; myrrh and olibanum, in powder, 1 oz. each. Tear the paper in pieces and soak it in water till quite soft; drain off the greater part of the water, and beat it into a paste; incorporate with it the powders previously mixed. Then put into tinned iron moulds, and dry by a stove.

=Paper, Blistering.= See VESICANTS.

=Paper, Cloth.= This is prepared by covering gauze, calico, canvas, &c., with a surface of paper pulp in a 'Foudrinier machine,' and then finishing the compound sheet in a nearly similar manner to that adopted for ordinary paper.

=Paper, Co'loured.= For those papers which are merely coloured on one side the pigments, ground up with gum water or size, or the stains thickened with a little of the same, are applied with a brush, after which the sheets are suspended on a line to dry.

For paper coloured throughout its substance the tinctorial matter is usually mixed with the pulp in the process of manufacture; or the manufactured paper is dipped into a bath of the colouring substance, and then hung up to dry.

=Paper, Cop'ying.= _Prep._ Make a stiff ointment with b.u.t.ter or lard and black lead or lamp black, and smear it thinly and evenly over soft writing paper by means of a piece of flannel; the next day wipe off the superfluous portion with a piece of soft rag.

_Use, &c._ Placed on white paper and written on with a style or solid pen, a copy of the writing is left on the former. By repeating the arrangement, 2, 3, or more copies of a letter may be obtained at once. This paper, set up in a case, forms the ordinary 'manifold writer' of the stationers. The copying or transfer paper used for obtaining fac-similes of letters written with 'copying-ink' is merely a superior quality of bank-post paper.

=Paper, Em'ery.= See EMERY.

=Paper, Gla.s.s.= _Prep._ From powdered gla.s.s, as emery paper. Used to polish wood, &c. See GLa.s.s (Powdered).

=Paper, Gout.= _Syn._ CHARTA ANTI-ARTHRITICA, L.; PAPIER FAYARD, Fr.

_Prep._ 1. Euphorbium, 1 part; cantharides, 2 parts (both in powder); rectified spirit, 8 parts; ether, 3 parts; digest in a stoppered bottle, with frequent agitation, for a week; to the strained tincture add of Venice turpentine, 1 part; lastly, dip thin white paper into it, and dry the sheets in the air.

2. (Mohr.) Euphorbium, 1 dr.; cantharides, 4 dr.; rectified spirit (strongest), 5 oz.; make a tincture, to which add of Venice turpentine, 1-1/2 oz., previously liquefied with resin, 2 oz.; and spread the mixture, whilst warm, very thinly on paper. Used as a counter-irritant in gout, rheumatism, &c.

=Paper, Hydrograph'ic.= An absurd name given to paper which may be written on with simple water or with some colourless liquid having the appearance of water.

_Prep._ 1. A mixture of nut-galls, 4 parts, and calcined sulphate of iron, 1 part (both perfectly dry and reduced to very fine powder), is rubbed over the surface of the paper, and is then forced into its pores by powerful pressure, after which the loose portion is brushed off. Writes black with a pen dipped in water.

2. From persulphate of iron and ferrocyanide of pota.s.sium, as the last.

Writes blue with water.

3. As the last, but using sulphate of copper instead of sulphate of iron.

Writes reddish brown with water.

4. The paper is wetted with a colourless solution of ferrocyanide of pota.s.sium, and after being dried is written on with a colourless solution of persulphate of iron. Writes blue.

_Obs._ The above applications, we need scarcely say, are more amusing than useful. See SYMPATHETIC INK.

=Paper, Incombus'tible.= See INCOMBUSTIBLE FABRICS.

=Paper, Irides'cent.= _Prep._ (Beasley.) Sal ammoniac and sulphate of indigo, of each 1 part; sulphate of iron, 5 parts; nut-galls, 8 parts; gum Arabic, 1/8th part; boil them in water, and expose the paper washed with the liquid to (the fumes of) ammonia.

=Paper, Issue.= _Syn._ CHARTA AD FONTICULOS, L. _Prep._ (Soubeiran.) Elemi, spermaceti, and Venice turpentine, of each 1 part; white wax, 2 parts; melt them together by a gentle heat, and spread the mixture on paper. Used to keep issues open.

=Paper, Lithograph'ic.= _Prep._ 1. Starch, 6 oz.; gum Arabic, 2 oz.; alum, 1 oz.; make a strong solution of each separately, in hot water, mix, strain through gauze, and apply it whilst still warm to one side of leaves of paper, with a clean painting-brush or sponge; a second and a third coat must be given as the preceding one becomes dry; the paper must be, lastly, pressed, to make it smooth.

2. Give the paper 3 coats of thin size, 1 coat of good white starch, and 1 coat of a solution of gamboge in water; the whole to be applied cold, with a sponge, and each coat to be allowed to dry before the other is applied.

The solutions should be freshly made.

_Use, &c._ Lithographic paper is written on with lithographic ink. The writing is transferred by simply moistening the back of the paper, placing it evenly on the stone, and then applying pressure a reversed copy is obtained, which, when printed from, yields corrected copies resembling the original writing or drawing. In this way the necessity of executing the writing or drawing in a reversed direction is obviated. See LITHOGRAPHY, INK, &c.

=Paper, Paste.= Boil white paper in water for five hours; then pour off the water, and pound the pulp in a mortar; pa.s.s it through a sieve and mix with some gum water or isingla.s.s glue. It is used in modelling by artists and architects.

=Paper, Oiled.= _Prep._ Brush sheets of paper over with 'boiled oil,' and suspend them on a line till dry. Waterproof. Extensively employed as a cheap subst.i.tute for bladder and gut skin to tie over pots and jars, and to wrap up paste blacking, ground white lead, &c.

=Paper Parch'ment.= _Syn._ PAPYRIN, VEGETABLE PARCHMENT. _Prep._ 1.

(Poumarede and Figuier.) Dip white unsized paper for half a minute in strong sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1842, and afterwards in water containing a little ammonia.

2. (W. E. Gaine, Patent 1857.) Plunge unsized paper for a few seconds into sulphuric acid diluted with half to a quarter its bulk of water (this solution being of the same temperature as the air), and afterwards wash with weak ammonia. This process, now extensively worked by Messrs De la Rue and Co., produces a much better material than does that of Poumarede and Figuier.

_Prop._ A tough substance, resembling animal parchment, and applicable to the same purposes. It is largely used for covering pots of pickles and preserves, and by the chemist for the intervening membrane in experiments in diffusion. See DIALYSER, DIALYSIS, &c.

=Paper, Protective.= Various attempts have from time to time been made to prepare paper which might make the fraudulent alteration of cheques and other doc.u.ments difficult or impossible. These attempts have taken two different directions, which may be briefly described.

The first and best known method consists in printing, in some delicate and easily destroyed colour, a complicated pattern on the face of the paper.

Any reagent which will remove the writing will, of course, destroy the pattern below, and so render the alteration evident. The cheques used by Messrs Coutts and Co. are fine examples of this kind of protection, the whole of the paper being printed over with the name of the firm in characters so delicate, that they can scarcely be read without the a.s.sistance of a lens.

The obvious objection to this method is, that it is possible for a skilful forger to replace the printed design before the completion of the alteration.

The other method consists in the introduction into the paper during its manufacture of some substance or mixture of substances which shall strike a characteristic colour when chemical agents are applied to the ink.

One of the earliest attempts of this kind was that of Stephenson, who introduced ferrocyanide of pota.s.sium into the pulp. When any acid was applied to the writing, Prussian blue was formed with the aid of the iron of the ink. In another process iodide of pota.s.sium and starch were introduced into the paper, the application of chlorine then producing a blue stain (iodide of starch), while in a third (Robson's) the pulp was stained with the ingredients of common writing ink.

None of these methods gave, however, any very efficient protection against fraud, for in each case it was tolerably easy to restore the paper to its original condition. But another process which followed upon the others has proved more successful, and, when properly applied, gives a paper which is practically secure. This process was patented by Barclay, and consists in the introduction into the pulp of ferrocyanide of manganese. When any acid is applied to the writing on this paper the blue stain of Prussian blue appears. This can, it is true, be removed by alkalies, but in that case the manganese is precipitated as the brown peroxide, an effect also produced by bleaching powder. This brown stain can be removed by sulphurous acid, but in that case Prussian blue appears simultaneously, so that the forger has merely a choice between a brown and a blue stain.

When such paper is printed with a delicate design in some fugitive ink (common writing ink would be best), the greatest attainable safety is obtained.

Ferrocyanide of manganese is easily formed by adding to the pulp pure crystallised chloride of manganese, and rather more than an equal weight of ferrocyanide of pota.s.sium, both in solution. (Heaton.)

=Paper, Ra"zor.= Smooth unsized paper, one of the surfaces of which, whilst in a slightly damp state, has been rubbed over with a mixture of calcined peroxide of iron and emery, both in impalpable powder. It is cut up into pieces (about 5 3 inches), and sold in packets. Used to wipe the razor on, which thus does not require stropping.