Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 101

=Ointment of White Wax.= See OINTMENT, SIMPLE.

=Ointment of Wolfsbane.= See OINTMENT OF ACONITE.

=Ointment of Wood Soot.= _Syn._ UNGUENTUM FULIGINIS. _Prep._ Wood soot and lard, of each equal parts. Mix.

=Ointment of Wood Soot (Compound).= _Syn._ UNGUENTUM FULIGINIS COMPOSITUM.

Acetic extract of wood soot, 4 dr.; dried salt, 10 dr.; lard, 14 oz. For ringworm.

=Ointment for Worms.= _Syn._ UNGUENTUM ANTHELMINTIc.u.m, U. VERMIFUGUM, L.

_Prep._ 1. (Boerhaave.) Aloes and ox-gall, of each 1 part; marshmallow ointment, 8 parts.

2. (Fr. Hosp.) Aloes and oil of tansy, of each 1 part; dried ox-gall, 2 parts (both in fine powder); lard, 8 parts.

3. (Ph. Bat.) Aloes, 1 dr.; dried ox-gall and petroleum, of each 1-1/2 dr.; lard, 1-1/2 oz.

4. (Soubeiran.) Powdered aloes, 2 dr.; lard, 1 oz.

_Uses, &c._ The above are purgative and vermifuge, applied as frictions to the abdomen. They are chiefly employed for children and delicate females.

See OINTMENT, COLOCYNTH.

=Ointment of Yel'low Wax.= _Syn._ UNGUENTUM CERae FLAVae, L. _Prep._ (Ph. D.

1826.) Beeswax, 1 lb.; lard, 4 lbs.; melt them together. A mild emollient dressing. Some parties regard it as more 'healing' than the OINTMENT OF WHITE WAX.

=Ointment of Zinc.= 1. See OINTMENT OF OXIDE OF ZINC.

2. (Compound); UNGUENTUM ZINCI COMPOSITUM, L.--_a._ (Hufeland.) Oxide of zinc and lycopodium, of each 1 dr.; simple ointment, 1 oz. In excoriations and simple ulcerations, especially those of the eyelids, nipples, &c.

_b._ (Thomson.) Oxide of zinc, 1/2 dr.; powdered opium, 5 gr.; lard, 1 oz.

As the last, when there is much pain.

=Ointment of Zinc, Cyanide= (Cunier). _Syn._ UNGUENTUM ZINCI CYANIDI.

_Prep._ Cyanide of zinc, 12 grains; lard, 5 drams; b.u.t.ter of cacao, 5 drams. Mix.

=OINTMENTS (Flower of).= _Syn._ FLOS UNGUENTORUM, L. _Prep._ From resin, thus, wax, and suet, of each 1/2 lb.; olibanum and Venice turpentine, of each 2-1/2 oz.; myrrh, 1 oz.; wine, 1/2 pint; boil them together, and, lastly, add of camphor, 2 dr. Suppurative; warming.

=O'LEFIANT GAS.= C_{3}H_{4}. _Syn._ ETHYLENE, HEAVY CARBONETTED HYDROGEN, HEAVY CARBURETTED H., ELAYL, ETHENE. A substance discovered by some a.s.sociated Dutch chemists, in 1795, and composed of carbon and hydrogen in the proportions expressed by C_{2}H_{2} or C_{4}H_{4}.

_Prep._ 1. A mixture of alcohol (rectified spirit), 1 part, and oil of vitriol, 6 parts, is heated in a retort until it blackens, and sulphurous acid begins to be evolved; the product is then pa.s.sed first through a wash-bottle containing a solution of caustic pota.s.sa or milk of lime, and next through a bottle containing concentrated sulphuric acid, the last being furnished with a tube dipping into the water of the pneumatic trough.

2. The vapour of boiling alcohol is pa.s.sed into a mixture of oil of vitriol diluted with rather less than one half its weight of water, and so heated as to be in a state of tranquil ebullition (320 to 330 Fahr.); the gaseous product is chiefly olefiant gas, and the vapour of water, from which it may be separated as above. No sulphurous acid is formed, nor does the acid blacken as in the last process.

_Prop., &c._ Colourless; neutral; nearly odourless; nearly insoluble in water; alcohol, ether, and the volatile and fixed oils, absorb a portion of it; burns with a brilliant white flame; at a full red heat it suffers decomposition, with deposit of carbon and liberation of light carburetted hydrogen gas; mixed with twice its volume of chlorine and inflamed, hydrochloric acid is formed, and the carbon of the gas is precipitated in the form of dense black soot; if the mixture (best in equal volumes), instead of being kindled, be left standing over water, it soon condenses into a heavy oily liquid (chloride of olefiant gas, Dutch liquid). Sp. gr.

981; 100 cubic inches weigh 3057 gr.

=Olefiant Gas, Bromide of.= _Syn._ BROMIDE OF ETHYLENE. From bromine and olefiant gas as Dutch liquid. A colourless liquid, with an ethereal odour, boiling at 265, and solidifying at 0 Fahr. Sp. gr. 216.

=Olefiant Gas, Chlo"ride of.= _Syn._ DUTCH LIQUID, CHLORIDE OF ETHYLENE.

This substance, referred to above, may be easily prepared in any quant.i.ty by the following process:--Chlorine and olefiant gas (the latter a little in excess) are conveyed by separate tubes (pa.s.sing through the same cork) into a gla.s.s globe, having a narrow funnel-shaped neck at its lower part, dipping into a small bottle destined to receive the product of their mutual reaction: the newly formed liquid trickles down the sides of the globe into the receiver, and when a sufficient quant.i.ty is collected, it is purified by agitating it first with water, and then with sulphuric acid, and, lastly, submitting it to distillation.

_Prop., &c._ Colourless; sweet-tasted; agreeably fragrant, the odour approaching that of oil of caraway; slightly soluble in water; freely so in alcohol and ether; it sinks in water; boils at 180 Fahr.; burns with a smoky greenish flame; is unaffected by oil of vitriol; but decomposed by solution of caustic pota.s.sa. It combines with chlorine, forming new compounds. See CHLORIDES OF CARBON (page 403).

=OLEIC ACID.= HC_{18}H_{33}O_{2}. _Syn._ ELAIC ACID. One of the fatty acids discovered by Chevreul, and produced by saponifying oils, and then separating the base from the resulting soap by means of a dilute acid. It now forms an important secondary product in the manufacture of stearic acid. Perfectly pure oleic acid may be obtained as follows:--

1. By saponifying olein, as just noticed.

2. Pure almond or olive-oil soap is decomposed by a dilute acid, and the resulting oily acid is digested in a water bath with half its weight of litharge (in very fine powder) for some hours, constantly stirring; the mixture is then agitated with twice its volume of ether in a close vessel, and in 24 hours the clear ethereal solution is decanted, and decomposed with dilute hydrochloric acid; the oleic acid separates, and the ether mixed with it is expelled by evaporation. To render it colourless, the acid is again saponified with caustic soda, and the soap thus retained is repeatedly dissolved in a solution of soda, and as often separated by adding common salt; this soap is, lastly, decomposed by dilute hydrochloric acid, as before.

3. (H. N. Fraser, pharmacist.) Oil of cotton seeds ('winter oil'), deprived of most of its stearin by chilling and pressure, is first saponified with pota.s.sa, using a slight excess of the base. The soap is then treated with tartaric acid, or any other acid which will make a soluble salt with pota.s.sa, until the base is completely neutralised; the residue is washed until a ma.s.s is left about the consistence and colour of cerate, free from any of the salt; this is heated for several hours with nearly its weight of litharge, and three or four times its bulk of water; the resulting compound is shaken up while yet warm with ether, and allowed to stand until all the soluble matter separates.

This separates the stearate, and leaves a nearly pure oleate of lead. The clear liquor is decanted and briskly shaken with dilute muriatic acid for a few minutes to precipitate all the chloride of lead, the lighter liquid washed to remove traces of muriatic acid and filtered; the filtrate heated slowly in a water bath, and the ether distilled until the residue ceases to have an ethereal odour. The product is about 60 per cent. of the bulk of the oil.

Crude oleic acid may be purified as follows:--Expose it repeatedly to a temperature of about 45 F., and express the liquid portion. With this mix an equal bulk of solution of sulphurous acid, place the mixture in the light, and shake it frequently until no more colour is discharged. After separation the oleic acid is to be washed repeatedly with cold distilled water, and put into bottles, which should be kept filled up and in a cool place.

_Prop., &c._ A colourless oily acid, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, ether, and oil; with the bases it forms salts called oleates. The best kind of oleic acid is known as "pale cloth oil."

O'LEIN. C_{57}H_{104}O_{6}. _Syn._ ELAIN; HUILE ABSOLUE, Fr. The liquid portion of the fixed oils and fats. By saponification it yields oleic acid.

_Prep._ 1. Olive oil or almond oil is digested for 24 hours with a quant.i.ty of caustic soda lye, only sufficient to saponify one half of the oil, and the undecomposed oily portion (olein) is then separated from the alkaline solution and newly formed stearine soap.

2. The saponified mixture of oil and alkali (see No. 1) is digested with proof spirit until all the soap is dissolved out, and the olein separates and floats on the surface; the latter, after repose, is decanted.

3. Almond or olive oil is agitated in a stout bottle with 7 or 8 times its weight of strong alcohol (sp. gr. 798), at nearly the boiling point, until the whole is dissolved; the solution is next allowed to cool, after which the clear upper stratum is decanted from the stearin which has been deposited, and, after filtration, the spirit is removed by distillation at a gentle heat; by exposure at a very low temperature it deposits any remaining stearin, and then becomes pure.

_Prop., &c._ The products of the last two formulae have only a very slight yellow colour, but may be rendered quite limpid and colourless by digestion for 24 hours with a little pure, freshly burnt animal charcoal, and subsequent filtration. In this state the olein is perfectly neutral to test paper, does not in the slightest degree affect metallic bodies immersed in it, and does not thicken by exposure to the greatest cold.

Olein is used by watchmakers for their fine work. Some years ago the product of the last formula was sold, by a certain metropolitan house, as 'watchmakers' oil,' at 1s. 6d. a drachm. Commercial olein is generally lard oil. The refined oleic acid of the stearin works also commonly pa.s.ses under the name. Olein burns well in lamps; but oleic acid does not do so unless when well refined, and when the wick-tube is so formed as to remain cool. See LARD OIL and OLEIC ACID.

OLEOM'ETER. _Syn._ ELAOMETER, ELaeOMETER, OIL-BALANCE. A delicate areometer or hydrometer, so weighted and graduated as to adapt itself to the densities of the leading fixed oils. As the differences of the specific gravities of these substances are inconsiderable, to render it more susceptible the bulb of the instrument is proportionately large, and the tube or stem very narrow. The scale of the oleometer in general use (Gobby's) is divided into 50 degrees, and it floats at 0 or zero in pure poppy oil, at 38 or 38-1/2 in pure almond oil, and at 50 in pure olive oil. The standard temperature of the instruments made in this country is now 60; those made on the Continent, 545 Fahr. The oil must therefore be brought to this normal temperature before testing it, by plunging the gla.s.s cylinder containing it into either hot or cold water, as the case may be; or a correction of the observed density must be made. The last is done by deducting 2 from the indication of the instrument for each degree of the thermometer above the normal temperature of the instrument, and adding 2 for every degree below it. Thus: suppose the temperature of the oil at the time of the experiment is 60 Fahr., and the oleometer indicates 61; then--

600 Actual temperature.

545 Normal temperature.

---- 55 Difference.

Indication of the oleometer 610 The difference 55 2 = 110 ---- Real density 500

Suppose the temperature observed at the time of the experiment is 52, and the oleometer indicates 45; then--

545 Normal temperature.

520 Actual temperature.

---- 25 Difference.

Indication of the oleometer 450 The difference 25 2 = 50 ---- Real density 500 ----

The oil is, therefore, presumed to be pure. See HYDROMETER, OILS (Fixed), and SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

=O'LEO-PHOSPHOR'IC ACID.= An acid compound found by Fremy in the brain and nervous matter.

=OLEO-RES'INS.= The natural compounds of resin and essential oil forming the vegetable balsams and turpentines. Copaiba, Canada balsam, and Venice turpentine are examples. Certain extracts prepared with ether, as the fluid extracts of cubebs and pepper in the Ph. U. S., may be regarded as oleo-resins. See EXTRACT.