Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 72

ALKALOIDS. The names of the organic bases which resemble the alkalies in their properties end either in -IA, -NA, or -INE; as, _morph_IA, _qui_NA, _strychn_INE. These terminations are now limited, as much as possible, to substances exhibiting basic properties, but were formerly very loosely applied.

Many chemists reject the first two terminations, and apply -INE to every substance of this cla.s.s; as, _morph_INE, _quin_INE, _anil_INE, &c.

OTHER ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. The names of organic radicles generally terminate in -YL; as, _eth_YL, _meth_YL, _benz_OYL, &c.; they mostly contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Compounds corresponding to the electro-negative elements have the termination -OGEN, as _cyan_OGEN, _amid_OGEN. Neutral compounds of carbon and hydrogen, mostly liquid, have the termination -OL, or -OLE; as, _benz_OL, _pyr_OLE. Other neutral substances, generally solid, have the termination -IN; as, _paraff_IN, _naphthal_IN. Compounds resembling ammonia, and generally considered as 'subst.i.tution compounds' of that body, terminate in -AMINE; as, _ethyl_AMINE, _propyl_AMINE.

The Latin genitive or possessive of the above compounds in--

-as is -atis -is " -itis -ic.u.m " -ici -osum " -osi -idum " -idi -etum " -eti -ium " -ii -um " -i -ia } -a } " -ae -na }

_Ex._ Acetas (acetate), acetatis of acetate; a.r.s.enis, a.r.s.enitis; citric.u.m, citrici; a.r.s.eniosum, a.r.s.eniosi; iodidum, iodidi; sulphuretum, sulphureti; sodium, sodii; platinum, platini; morphia, morphiae; quina, quinae; narcotina, narcotinae. The genitives of common names vary with the termination. Most of those ending in -a make ae, and most of those in -us and -um make -i; but there are many exceptions, among which cornu (a horn) and spiritus (spirit) which are unaltered in the genitive singular, may be mentioned as examples.

=NORFOLK FLUID.= _Prep._ Take of linseed oil, 3 pints; black resin, 1/2 lb.; yellow wax, 12 oz.; melt, and add, of neat's-foot oil, 1 quart; oil of turpentine, 1 pint. Used to preserve and soften leather.

=NOR'IUM.= An unexamined metal, the oxide of which, according to Svanberg, exists in certain varieties of ZIRCON.

=NOS'TRUMS.= See PATENT MEDICINES, &c.

=NOTICES.= The following sections of the Public Health Act refer to serving and delivery of notices under that Statute:

(S. 266.) Notices, orders, and other such doc.u.ments under the Public Health Act may be in writing or print, or partly in writing and partly in print; and if the same require authentication by the local authority, the signature thereof by the clerk to the local authority or their surveyor or inspector of nuisances shall be sufficient authentication.

(S. 267.) Notices, orders, or any other doc.u.ments required or authorised to be served under the said Act may be served by delivering the same to or at the residence of the person to whom they are respectively addressed, or where addressed to the owner or occupier of premises, by delivering the same or a true copy thereof to some person on the premises, or if there is no person on the premises who can be so served, by fixing the same on some conspicuous part of the premises; they may also be served by post by a prepaid letter, and if served by post shall be deemed to have been served at the time when the letter containing the same would have been delivered in the ordinary course of post, and in proving such service it shall be sufficient to prove that the notice, order, or other doc.u.ment was properly addressed and put into the post.

Any notice required to be given to the owner or occupier of any premises may be addressed by the description of the 'owner' or 'occupier' of the premises (naming them) in respect of which the notice is given, without further name or description.

_Enforcing the Drainage of Houses._

(S. 23.) Notice is to be given to the owner or occupier, but in case of the failure of either to comply, and the authority having to do the work, the expenses fall on the owner.

_Insufficient Privy Accommodation._

(SS. 36 and 37.) The same procedure as under the above section.

_The Cleansing and Whitewashing of Houses._

(S. 46.) Notice to the owner or occupier.--

The person on whom the notice is served is liable to a penalty if it is not complied with.

_The Removal of Manure or Filth, &c., in an Urban District._

(S. 49.) Notice to be served on the person to whom the manure belongs, or to the occupier of the premises whereon it exists.

If the urban authority have to remove it themselves, the expense of removal falls upon the owner of the manure, &c., or the occupier of the premises, or where there is no occupier, the owner of the premises.

_In the case of Nuisances._

(S. 94.) Notice is to be served upon the person causing or permitting the nuisance to remain, or, if he cannot be found, on the owner or occupier of the premises on which the nuisance arises; but if the nuisance arises from the want or defective construction of any structural convenience, or where there is no occupier, notice is to be served on the owner.

_In the case of Houses, &c., requiring Disinfection._

(S. 120.) Notice is to be given to the owner or occupier, and in case of non-compliance, the person on whom the notice is served is liable to penalties, and the expenses of the authority doing the necessary works falls upon that person (with certain exceptions, in case of poverty).

=NOVAR'GENT.= _Prep._ From recently precipitated chloride of silver by dissolving it in a solution of either hyposulphite of sodium or of cyanide of pota.s.sium. Used chiefly to restore old plated goods. The liquid is rubbed over the metal to be coated with a little prepared chalk, and the part is afterwards polished off with a piece of soft leather. A powder recently sold under the same name is formed by mixing the preceding article with chalk, and drying the ma.s.s. It is made into a paste with a little water, spirit of wine, or gin, before applying it.

=NOVAUR'UM.= From a solution of neutral trichloride of gold, as the last.

=NOYAU.= _Syn._ CReME DE NOYAU. This is a pleasant nutty-tasted liqueur; but from the large proportion of prussic acid which it contains, a small quant.i.ty only should be taken at a time.

_Prep._ 1. Bitter almonds (bruised), 3 oz.; spirit (22 u. p.), 1 quart; sugar, 1 lb.; (dissolved in) water, 3/4 pint; macerate for 10 days, frequently shaking the vessel; then allow it to repose for a few days, and decant the clear portion.

2. As the last, but subst.i.tuting apricot or peach kernels (with the sh.e.l.ls, bruised), for the almonds.

3. To either of the above, add of coriander seed and ginger, of each, bruised, 1 dr.; mace and cinnamon, of each 1/2 dr.

4. (Wholesale.) To plain cordial, at 54 to 60 u. p., containing 3 lbs. of sugar per gallon, add, gradually, essence of bitter almonds, q. s. to flavour.

5. (CReME DE NOYAU DE MARTINIQUE.) Loaf sugar, 24 lbs.; water, 2-1/2 galls.; dissolve, add, of proof spirit, 5 galls.; orange-flower water, 3 pints; bitter almonds (bruised), 1 lb.; essence of lemons, 2 dr.; as above. See LIQUEURS.

=NUISANCE.= The following are the chief clauses of the Public Health Act respecting nuisances:

_Definition of Nuisances._

1. Any premises in such a state as to be a nuisance or injurious to health.

2. Any pool, ditch, gutter, water-course, privy, urinal, cesspool, drain, or ashpit, so foul as to be a nuisance or injurious to health.

3. Any animal so kept as to be a nuisance or injurious to health.

4. Any acc.u.mulation or deposit which is a nuisance or injurious to health.

5. Any house, or part of a house, so overcrowded as to be dangerous or injurious to the health of the inmates, whether or not members of the same family.

6. Any factory, workshop, or workplace (not already under the operation of any general Act for the regulation of factories or bakehouses) not kept in a cleanly state, or not ventilated in such a manner as to render harmless as far as practicable any gases, vapours, dust, or other impurities generated in the course of the work carried on therein that are a nuisance or injurious to health, or so overcrowded while work is carried on as to be dangerous and injurious to the health of those employed therein.

7. Any fireplace or furnace which does not, as far as practicable, consume the smoke arising from the combustible used in such fireplace or furnace, and is used for working engines by steam, or in any mill, factory, dye-house, brewery, bakehouse, or gaswork, or in any manufacturing or trade process whatsoever; and--

Any chimney (not being the chimney of a private dwelling-house) sending forth black smoke in such quant.i.ty as to be a nuisance;

Shall be deemed to be nuisances liable to be dealt with summarily under the Public Health Act: Provided--

First. That a penalty shall not be imposed on any person in respect of any acc.u.mulation or deposit necessary for the effectual carrying on any business or manufacture, if it be proved to the satisfaction of the court that the acc.u.mulation or deposit has not been kept longer than is necessary for the purposes of the business or manufacture, and that the best available means have been taken for preventing injury thereby to the public health.

Secondly. That where a person is summoned before any court in respect of a nuisance arising from a fireplace or furnace which does not consume the smoke arising from the combustible used in such fireplace or furnace, the court may hold that no nuisance is created within the meaning of this Act, and dismiss the complaint, if it is satisfied that such fireplace or furnace is constructed in such a manner as to consume as far as practicable, having regard to the nature of the manufacture or trade, all smoke arising therefrom, and that such fireplace or furnace has been carefully attended to by the person having the charge thereof. (P. H., s.

91.)

The Act also defines and specifies:--1. The duty and powers of a local authority to inspect a district with the view to an abatement of any nuisance. 2. The process of information to be pursued in representing a nuisance to any local authority. 3. Procedure on failing to comply with notice. 4. The power of the court to make an order dealing with such nuisance. 5. The penalty for neglecting to obey such order. 6. The power of complaint by private individuals. 7. The power of the police to proceed in certain cases. 8. The cost and expense of executing the provisions relating to nuisances. 9. The power of sale of manure, &c. 10. The supervision of nuisances caused by drains, privies &c. 11. The proceedings to be taken in certain cases against nuisances in ships, &c.

=NUR'SING.= Milk is the natural food of the mammalia during the earlier period of their existence. It contains all that is necessary for the nourishment of their bodies, and on it they thrive and grow. Its secretion only actively commences at the time when it is required for the sustenance of the offspring, and it either materially lessens in quant.i.ty, or wholly disappears, as soon as the necessity of its existence has pa.s.sed away, and the little being who depended on it has acquired sufficient age and strength to exist on cruder aliment. The nursing mother, when in a state of perfect health, and properly supplied with a sufficiency, without excess, of nutritious food, elaborates this secretion in the fittest condition to ensure the health and vigour of her offspring. Her bosom is the fountain whence flows the beauty and stamina of the future adult, and whilst giving strength and life to another, she increases and prolongs her own.