Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 9

Very nutritious; recommended in irritation of the mucous membranes and phthisis.

=Jelly, Copaiba.= (M. Caillot.) _Syn._ GELATINA COPAIBA. _Prep._ Isingla.s.s, 4 parts; water, 40 parts; dissolve in a water bath, and add 20 parts of sugar; pour the clear liquid jelly into a warm mortar, and add copaiba, 60 parts; triturate, and pour in a vessel to jelly. Flavour with some aromatic essential oil or balsam of tolu.

=Jelly, Cor'sican Moss.= _Syn._ GELATINA HELMINTHOCORTI, L. _Prep._ (P.

Cod.) Corsican moss (_Gracilaria Helminthocorton_), 1 oz.; water, q. s.; boil 1 hour, and strain 8 fl. oz.; to this add of isingla.s.s (previously soaked in a little water), 1 dr.; refined sugar, 2 oz.; white wine, a wine-gla.s.sful. Vermifuge. See DECOCTION.

=Jelly, Fruit.= Under this head we include those jellies made from the juices of fruits.

_Prep._ The strained juice mixed with 1/3 to 1/2 its weight of refined sugar, until it 'jellies' on cooling, observing to carefully remove the sc.u.m as it rises. The process should be conducted by a gentle heat, and it is preferable not to add the sugar until the juice is somewhat concentrated, as by lengthened boiling the quality of the sugar is injured.

_Obs._ Jellies are sold in pots or gla.s.ses, like JAMS. Both jams and fruit jellies are refrigerant and laxative; they are, however, mostly employed as relishes, especially during fevers and convalescences. The princ.i.p.al fruit jellies are:--APPLE, BARBERRY, CHERRY (from either Cornelian or Kentish cherries), CURRANT (black, white, and red), ELDERBERRY, GOOSEBERRY, PLUM, QUINCE, RASPBERRY. See LEMON and ORANGE JELLY.

=Jelly, Glycerin.= _Syn._ GELATINA GLYCERINI. Mix glycerin to the required consistence with compound tragacanth powder. Or take powdered gum Arabic, 1/2 oz.; syrup, 4 oz. (3 oz. of sugar to 1 oz. of water); the yolks of 3 eggs; olive oil, 4 oz.; glycerin, 2 oz. Rub the gum and syrup well together, add the yolks, and when mixed add the oil and glycerine, previously triturated together. Applied to chapped hands, abrasions, &c.

See GLYCERIN OF STARCH.

=Jelly, Gra"vy.= By evaporating meat gravies.

=Jelly, Harts'horn.= _Syn._ GELATINA CORNU CERVI, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Hartshorn shavings, 8 oz.; wash it in water, then boil in clean water, 3 pints, till reduced to one half; strain, press, add of sugar, 4 oz., the juice of one lemon, and the white of an egg beaten up with a little cold water; mix well, clarify by heat, evaporate till it jellies on cooling, then add the peel of the lemon, and set it in a cool place. It may be flavoured with wine, spices, &c. Very nutritious.

=Jelly, Ice'land Moss.= _Syn._ GELATINA LICHENIS, L. _Prep._ (P. Cod.) Iceland moss, 2 oz.; soak for 1 or 2 days in cold water, then boil for 1 hour in water, q. s. to yield a strong solution; strain, decant the clear after repose, apply heat, and dissolve therein of isingla.s.s, 1 dr.; evaporate the whole to a proper consistence, put it into pots, and set them in a cool place. Nutritious. Recommended in phthisis. The jelly of Iceland moss and cinchona (GELATINA LICHENIS c.u.m CINCHONA--P. Cod.) is made by adding to the above syrup of cinchona, 6 fl. oz.

=Jelly, Iceland Moss (Sweetened).= (P. C.) _Syn._ GELATINA LICHENIS SACCHARATA. _Prep._ Saccharated Iceland moss (see ICELAND MOSS, SACCHARATED), 7-1/2 oz.; sugar, 7-1/2 oz.; water, 15 oz.; orange-flower water, 1 oz. Boil the first three substances and remove the sc.u.m which forms, and then let the jelly flow into a vessel which contains the orange-flower water.

=Jelly, I"rish Moss.= _Syn._ GELATINA CHONDRI, L. _Prep._ From Irish or carrageen moss. See DECOCTION.

=Jelly, I"singla.s.s.= _Syn._ CONFECTIONERS' JELLY; GELATINA ICHTHYOCOLLae, L. _Prep._ From isingla.s.s dissolved in water by boiling, and evaporated till it 'jellies' on cooling, adding flavouring, as desired. 1-1/2 oz. of good isingla.s.s makes fully a pint of very strong jelly. See BLANCMANGE, ISINGLa.s.s, CALVES-FEET JELLY, &c.

=Jelly, Lem'on.= From isingla.s.s, 2 oz.; water, 1 quart; boil, add of sugar 1 lb., clarify, and when nearly cold add the juice of 5 lemons, and the grated yellow rinds of 2 oranges and of 2 lemons; mix well, strain off the peel, and put it into gla.s.ses.

=Jelly No'yeau.= As PUNCH JELLY, but strongly flavoured with bitter almonds.

=Jelly, Or'ange.= From orange juice, 1 pint; let it stand over the grated yellow rind of 3 or 4 of the oranges for a few hours, then strain, and add, of loaf sugar, 1/2 lb., or more, isingla.s.s 1/2 oz., dissolved in water, 1 pint; mix, and put it into gla.s.ses before it cools.

=Jelly, Punch.= From isingla.s.s, 2 oz.; sugar, 1-3/4 lb.; water, 1 pint; dissolve, add of lemon juice, 1/2 pint; the peels of 2 lemons and of 2 oranges; rum and brandy, of each 1/4 pint; keep it in a covered vessel until cold, then liquefy it by a very gentle heat, strain, and pour it into moulds. A pleasant and deceptive way of swallowing alcohol.

=Jelly, Quince.= (E. P., 1744.) _Syn._ GELATINA CYDONIORUM. _Prep._ Juice of quinces, 3 lbs.; sugar, 1 lb.; boil to a jelly.

=Jelly, Rice.= _Syn._ CReME DE RIZ. From rice boiled in water, sweetened, and flavoured.

=Jelly, Sago.= _Prep._ Soak sago in cold water for 1 hour, strain, and boil in fresh soft water until it becomes transparent; then add wine, sugar, clear broth, milk, or spices, to flavour. 1 oz. of sugar makes a pint of good jelly.

=Jelly, Salep.= (Soubeiran). _Syn._ GELATINA SALEPae. _Prep._ Ground salep, 4 dr.; sugar, 4 oz.; water, a sufficient quant.i.ty. Boil to 12 oz., and flavour to the taste.

=Jelly, Ta'pioca.= As SAGO JELLY, but using tapioca in lieu of sago.

=JERVINE.= C_{60}H_{5}N_{2}O_{5} An alkaloid discovered in 1837, by Simon, in the root of the _Veratrum alb.u.m_, and by Mitch.e.l.l, in 1874, in the root of the _Veratrum viride_. Dr H. C. Wood, jun., describing the physiological effects of jervine, says they consist "in general weakness, lowering of arterial pressure, a slow pulse, profuse salivation, and finally convulsions." Jervine was a.n.a.lysed by Will, who ascribed to it the above composition.

=JES'UIT'S BARK.= See CINCHONA.

=JESUIT'S DROPS.= See DROPS.

=JESUIT'S POWDER.= Powdered cinchona bark.

=JET.= A variety of mineral bituminous carbon, very hard, and susceptible of a fine polish.

=JEW'ELS.= See DIAMOND, EMERALD, GEMS, &c.

=JEWEL'RY.= The gold in articles of jewelry, whether solid or plated, which are not intended to be exposed to very rough usage, is generally 'coloured,' as it is called in the trade. This is done as follows:--

1. (RED GOLD COLOUR.) The article, after being coated with the amalgam, is gently heated, and, whilst hot, is covered with gilder's wax; it is then 'flamed' over a wood fire, and strongly heated, during which time it is kept in a state of continual motion, to equalise the action of the fire on the surface. When all the composition has burned away, the piece is plunged into water, cleansed with the 'scratch-brush' and vinegar, and then washed and burnished. To bring up the beauty of the colour, the piece is sometimes washed with a strong solution of verdigris in vinegar, next gently heated, plunged whilst hot into water, and then washed, first in vinegar, or water soured with nitric acid, and then in pure water; it is, lastly, burnished, and again washed and dried.

2. (OR-MOLU COLOUR.) This is given by covering the parts with a mixture of powdered hemat.i.te, alum, common salt, and vinegar, and applying heat until the coating blackens, when the piece is plunged into cold water, rubbed with a brush dipped in vinegar, or in water strongly soured with nitric acid, again washed in pure water, and dried. During this process, the parts not to be dried in 'or-molu colour' should be carefully protected.

The frauds practised in reference to the 'fineness' of the metal used in jewelry is noticed under GOLD (Jeweller's). See also a.s.sAYING, DIAMOND, GEMS, GILDING LIQUOR, GILDING WAX, &c.

=JEW'S PITCH.= See ASPHALTUM.

=JOURNAL BOXES, Alloy for.= Copper, 24 parts; tin 24 parts; antimony, 8 parts. First melt the copper, then add the tin, and lastly the antimony.

=JUICE (Spanish).= See EXTRACT and LIQUORICE.

=JU'JUBE.= A fruit resembling a small plum, produced by various species of _Zizyphus_. Combined with sugar, it forms the JUJUBE PASTE of the shops, when genuine; but that now almost always sold under the name is a mixture of gum and sugar, slightly coloured and flavoured.

=JU'LEP.= _Syn._ JULAP; JULEPUM, JULEPUS, JULAPIUM, L. A term usually regarded as synonymous with 'MIXTURE'; but according to the best authorities, implying a medicine which is used as a vehicle for other forms of medicine. The word comes through the French, from a Persian expression, which signifies 'sweet drink.' A julep, according to Continental writers, is a drink of little activity, generally composed of distilled waters, infusions, and syrups, to which mucilages and acids are sometimes added; "but never powders or oily substances, which could interfere with its transparency." In England the juleps of old pharmacy are now cla.s.sed under 'MIXTURES,'

=JU"NIPER BERRIES.= _Syn._ JUNIPERI BACCae, J. COMMUNIS BACCae (Ph. E.), JUNIPERUS (Ph. L.), L. The fruit of the _Juniperus communis_, or common juniper tree. In the old Ph. L. & D. both the tops and berries (JUNIPERI FRUCTUS ET CAc.u.mINA--Ph. L. 1836; JUNIPERUS--BACCae, CAc.u.mINA--Ph. D. 1862) were ordered. The berries are stomachic and diuretic, and have been long employed in dropsies, either alone or combined with foxglove and squills.

The tops (SUMMITATES) have been highly praised in scurvy and certain cutaneous affections.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 dr., made into a conserve with sugar, or in the form of infusion or tea.

Douath found 100 parts of the berries to contain--

Water 2944 Volatile oil 91 Formic acid 186 Acetic acid 94 Malic acid (combined) 21 Oxalic acid traces Wax-like fatty matter 64 Green resin (from ethereal solution) 846 Hard brown resin (from alcoholic solution) 129 Bitter principle (called juniperin) 37 Pectin 73 Alb.u.minous substances 445 Sugar 2965 Cellulose 1583 Mineral substances 233 ------ 9711

=JUN'KET.= _Syn._ DEVONSHIRE JUNKET, CURD JELLY. From warm milk put into a bowl, and then turned with a little rennet; some scalded cream and sugar are next added with a sprinkling of cinnamon on the top, without breaking the curd. Much esteemed by holiday folk in the western counties during the hot weather of summer. Sometimes, very strangely, a little brandy finds its way into these trifles.

=JUTE.= This is the fibre yielded by the _Corchorus capsularis_, a lime tree growing in India and China. It is the material of which sacks, gunny bags, and coa.r.s.e thread are made. It mixes even with linen or cotton, and hence may not improbably be employed as a sophisticant of these substances.

The plates on page 930 exhibit the different microscopic appearances of the three substances.

=KALEIDOSCOPE.= _Syn._ FLOWER-GLa.s.s. A pleasing philosophical toy invented by Sir David Brewster, which presents to the eye a series of symmetrical changing views. It is formed as follows:--Two slips of silvered gla.s.s, from 6 to 10 inches long, and from 1 to 1-1/2 inch wide, and rather narrower at one end than the other, are joined together lengthwise, by one of their edges, by means of a piece of silk or cloth glued on their backs; they are then placed in a tube of tin or pasteboard, blackened inside, and a little longer than is necessary to contain them, and are fixed by means of small pieces of cork, with their faces at an angle to each other that is an even aliquot part of 4 right angles (as the 1/6, 1/8, 1/10, &c.).

The other end of the tube is then closed with an opaque screen or cover, through which a small eyehole is made in the centre; and the other end is fitted, first with a plate of common gla.s.s, and at the distance of about 1/8th of an inch, with a plain piece of slightly ground gla.s.s, parallel to the former; in the intermediate place or cell are placed the objects to form the images. These consist of coloured pieces of gla.s.s, gla.s.s beads, or any other coloured diaphanous bodies, sufficiently small to move freely in the cell, and to a.s.sume new positions when the tube is shaken or turned round. A tube so prepared presents an infinite number of changing and symmetrical pictures, no one of which can be exactly reproduced. This toy is so easily constructed, is so very inexpensive, and at the same time so capable of affording an almost inexhaustible fund of amus.e.m.e.nt to the young, that we advise our juvenile friends to try their hands at its construction. Any common tube of tin or pasteboard may be used, and strips of gla.s.s smoked on one side will answer for mirrors.

=KA'LI.= The name formerly applied to a species of _Salsola_ employed for making BARILLA. It is sometimes used as a designation for the crude alkalies, and is the German synonym for 'pota.s.sa.'

=Kali, Acid'ulated.= _Syn._ LEMON AND KALI, LEMONATED K. A common preparation of the shops for making a pleasant effervescing draught. It is sometimes incorrectly styled 'citrate of potash.' _Prep._ 1. Carbonate of soda and tartaric acid, of each 5 oz.; lump sugar, 1 lb.; all in the state of fine powder, and separately dried by a very gentle heat, after which they are mixed together, flavoured with essence of lemon, 1 dr., rubbed through a gauze sieve in a warm dry situation, put into bottles, and corked down immediately.

2. Finely powdered white sugar, 16 lbs.; tartaric acid, 4-1/4 lbs.; carbonate of soda, 4 lbs.; essence of lemon, 1 oz.; as the last. Keeps well. A dessert-spoonful of either thrown into a gla.s.sful of water makes a pleasant effervescing draught.

=KA'LIUM.= [L.] Pota.s.sium.