Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 282

=HYPOCHLO'RIC ACID.= See CHLORINE.

=HYPOCHONDRI'ASIS.= _Syn._ HYPOCHONDRIACISM. The 'hip' or 'hyp,' the 'vapours,' depression of spirits, 'blue devils.' This disease chiefly affects persons of the melancholic temperament, and is commonly induced by hard study, irregular habits of life, want of proper social intercourse, living in close apartments, and insufficient out-of-door exercise. The treatment may, in most cases be similar to that recommended for DYSPEPSIA, observing, however, that success depends more on amusing and engaging the mind, and in gradually weaning it from old conceits, than in the mere administration of medicine. When the patient is tormented with a visionary or exaggerated sense of pain, or of some concealed disease, or a whimsical dislike of certain persons, places, or things, or groundless apprehensions of personal danger or poverty, or the conviction of having experienced some dreadful accident or misfortune, the better way is to avoid any direct attempts to alter his opinions, but to endeavour to inspire confidence in some method of relief. Greding mentions the case of a medical man who conceived that his stomach was full of frogs, which had been successively sp.a.w.ning ever since he had bathed, when a boy, in a pool in which he had perceived some tadpoles; and he had spent his life in endeavouring to get them removed. One patient, perhaps, fancies himself a giant; another as heavy as lead; a third a feather, in continual danger of being blown away by the wind; and a fourth a piece of gla.s.s, and is hourly fearful of being broken. Marcellus Dentatus mentions a baker of Ferrara who thought himself a lump of b.u.t.ter, and durst not sit in the sun, or come near the fire, for fear of being melted. The writer of this article once knew a man who always put on his coat the wrong side in front, because he conceived his face looked behind him. In such cases it is useless to argue with the patient, as it only causes irritation, and increases the malady. The restoration of the bodily health, and a sudden surprise or change of scene, will often effect a cure.

=HYPONI'TRIC ACID.= See NITROGEN.

=HYPONI'TROUS ACID.= See NITROGEN.

=HYPOPHOS'PHITES.= See PHOSPHORUS.

=HYPOPHOS'PHITE.= A salt of hypophosphorous acid.

=HYPOSUL'PHATE.= _Syn._ DITHIONATE; HYPOSULPHAS, L. A salt of hyposulphuric acid.

=HYPOSUL'PHITE.= _Syn._ THIOSULPHATE; HYPOSULPHIS, L. A salt of hyposulphurous acid.

=HYPOSUL'PHUROUS ACID.= See SULPHUROUS ACID.

=HYRA'CEUM.= A substance produced by the Cape badger (_Hyrax Capensis_), and proposed as a subst.i.tute for CASTOREUM. Pereira considered it to be inert and useless.

=HYSTERICS.= _Syn._ HYSTERIA, Pa.s.sIO HYSTERICA, L. In _pathology_, a nervous affection peculiar to women, attacking in paroxysms or fits, preceded by dejection; tears, difficult breathing, sickness, and palpitation of the heart. The treatment of this disease varies with the causes and the symptoms. Bleeding, cupping, and depletives, are generally had recourse to in robust and plethoric habits, and stimulants and tonics in those of a weakly or relaxed const.i.tution. Affusion of cold water and nasal stimulants will frequently remove the fit in mild cases. Exercise, proper amus.e.m.e.nts and regular hours and diet, are the best preventives.

See DRAUGHT (Antihysteric and Hydrocyanic), &c.

=ICE.= _Syn._ GLACIES, L. Water in the solid state. On being cooled, water gradually contracts until the temperature has fallen to 399 Fahr., when it begins to expand. At the freezing-point, 32 Fahr., under ordinary conditions, water crystallises or freezes, and in consequence of the continued expansion, the sp. gr. of ice, as compared with that of water at 399, is as 94 to 100. Ice has the peculiar property of reuniting by the contact of adjoining surfaces after having been broken into fragments (REGELATION). Coloured water and salt water, by freezing, produce colourless and fresh ice; and clean solid ice, when thawed, furnishes water equal in purity to that which has been distilled.

The use of ice in the preparation of ICE-CREAMS, ICED-LIQUORS, &c., is noticed elsewhere. The confectioner collects his ice as early as possible during the winter, and stores it in a well-drained well or excavation, somewhat of the form of an inverted sugar-loaf, contained in a small shed or building called an ICE-HOUSE. This building should always be situated on a dry sandy soil, and, if possible, on an eminence. The door should be on the north side, and the roof should be conical and thickly thatched with straw.

In _medicine_, ice is frequently employed externally in inflammation of the brain, to resolve inflammation, to stop haemorrhage, to constringe relaxed parts, and an anodyne, to deaden pain. For these purposes it is pounded small, in a cloth, and placed in a bladder or bag of gauze (ICE-CAP, ICE-POULTICE) before applying it. Internally, ice or ice-cold water has been given with advantage in heartburn, typhus, inflammation and spasms of the stomach, to check the vomiting in cholera, and to arrest haemorrhage, whether bronchial, gastric, nasal, or uterine. Very recently, ice has been proposed as a remedy in the treatment of diphtheria. Small lumps of ice, or a small gla.s.sful of pounded ice-and-water, will often temporarily restore the tone of the stomach and nervous system during hot weather, when all other means fail. Ice-creams, taken in moderation, act in the same way.

In the warmer climates of Europe an ICE-HOUSE or an ICE-SAFE (a REFRIGERATOR) is a necessary appendage to every respectable dwelling, not merely for the purpose of pleasing the palate with iced beverages, but to enable the residents to preserve their provisions (fish, meat, game, milk, b.u.t.ter, &c.) in a wholesome state from day to day. In addition to large cargoes of ice imported yearly from Norway, and princ.i.p.ally consumed in England, Germany and France, ice is now manufactured to no inconsiderable amount, in these three countries artificially, the princ.i.p.al consumption of the fact.i.tious article being by brewers, who use it for the cooling of their worts. The artificial manufacture of ice is effected by the means of the condensation of elastic vapours in machines expressly made for the purpose. In Siebe's ice-making machine the vapour of ether is made to traverse metallic tubes surrounded with a concentrated solution of common salt, by which it becomes recondensed to the liquid state, to be again utilised in the production of the vapour; the solution of salt becoming at the same time so reduced in temperature, as to convert into ice, water, contained in proper vessels, placed in it. In Carre's machine the same end is accomplished by means of ammoniacal gas, a solution of calcic chloride being used for absorbing the cold instead of common salt. Reece's is a modification, (he states an improvement) of Carre's. Ice machines are also made, in which ice is produced, by bringing water into contact with air, which has been greatly reduced in temperature by cooling it when in the compressed state, and subsequently allowing it to expand. Liquid carbonic and sulphurous acids have likewise been used in the preparation of artificial ice, but not when it has been required in any considerable quant.i.ty. See REFRIGERATION.

=Ice, Medicated.= Mr Martin, of Weston-super-Mare, writing to the 'Lancet,' says:--"Every pract.i.tioner has at times to face the difficulties of the scarlatinal throat in young children. It may sadly want topical medication; but how is he to apply it? Young children cannot gargle, and to attempt the brush or the spray fills them with terror. In many cases neither sternness nor coaxing avails. Yet these little ones in almost every case will greedily suck bits of ice. This has long been my chief resource where I could not persuade the child to submit to the sulphurous acid spray. Lately, I have been trying an ice formed of the frozen solution of the acid (or some other antiseptic). Though, of course, not so tasteless as pure ice, the flavour is so much lessened by the low temperature, and probably also through the parched tongue, very little appreciating any flavour, that I find scarcely any complaint on that score from the little sufferers; they generally take to it very readily. The process of making it is very simple. A large test-tube immersed in a mixture of ice and salt is the only apparatus required, and in this the solution is easily frozen. When quite solid a momentary dip of the tube in hot water enables one to turn out the cylinder of ice, as the cook turns out her mould of jelly. I have tried the three following formulae, all of which answer, although I think I prefer the first.

"1. Sulphurous acid, 1/2 dr.; water, 7-1/2 dr.; mix and freeze.

"2. Chlorate of pota.s.s, 1 scruple; water, 1 oz.; dissolve, and freeze.

"3. Solution of chlorinated soda, 1/2 dr.; water, 1 oz.; mix and freeze.

"However, the form is of secondary importance, as each pract.i.tioner can construct his own. Boracic acid, salicylic acid, or any other harmless antiseptic with not too much taste, would doubtless be as useful as those indicated."

=ICE'LAND MOSS.= _Syn._ CETRARIA (B. P.), LICHEN ISLANDICUS, L. The lichen termed _Cetraria Islandicus_. It is much employed, both as a nutritious food and as a mild mucilaginous tonic, in catarrh and consumption. It may be purified from its bitter principle by a little cold solution of pota.s.sa.

=Iceland Moss, Saccharated.= _Syn._ (P. C.), SACCHARUM LICHENIS. Iceland moss, 1 lb.; refined sugar 1 lb.; macerate the moss in water to extract the bitterness, express, boil in water for an hour, strain, let settle, decant, add the sugar, evaporate to dryness with a gentle heat, constantly stirring, and finally reduce to powder.

=ICES.= (In _confectionery_.) These are commonly composed of cream or sweetened water, variously flavoured, and congealed by ice or a freezing mixture. Sometimes, instead of cream, the materials of a custard are used.

The mixed ingredients are placed in a tin furnished with a handle at top, called a 'freezer,' or 'freezing-pot,' which is then plunged into a bucket containing ice broken small, and mixed with about half its weight of common salt, and is kept in rapid motion, backwards and forwards, until its contents are frozen. As the cream congeals and adheres to the sides, it is broken down with the ice-spoon, so that the whole may be equally exposed to the cold. As the salt and ice in the tub melt, more is added, until the process is finished. The 'ice-pot,' with the cream in it, is next placed in a leaden 'ice-stand,' is at once surrounded with a mixture of ice and salt, and closely covered over. In this state it is carried into the shop. The gla.s.ses are filled as required for immediate use, and should have been previously made as cold as possible.

PLAIN ICE-CREAM, or CREAM FOR ICING, is commonly made by one or other of the following formulae:--

1. New milk, 2 pints; yolks of 6 eggs; white sugar, 4 oz.; mix, strain, heat gently and cool gradually.

2. Cream 1 pint; sugar, 4 oz.; mix as above.

3. Cream and milk, of each 1 pint; white sugar, 1/2 lb.

FLAVOURED ICE-CREAMS are made by mixing cream for icing with half its weight of mashed or preserved fruit, previously rubbed through a clean hair sieve; or, when the flavour depends on the juice of fruit or on essential oil, by adding a sufficient quant.i.ty of such substances.

RASPBERRY and STRAWBERRY ICES are made according to the former method; LEMON, ORANGE, NOYEAU, and ALMOND ICES, by the latter method. In the same way any other article besides cream may be frozen.

CHOCOLATE FOR ICING is made by rubbing 1 oz. of chocolate to a paste with a tablespoonful of hot milk, and then adding 'cream for icing,' 1 pint.

COFFEE FOR ICING is made of cream for icing, 1 quart, to which a small teacupful of the strongest possible clarified coffee has been added together with 2 oz. of sugar and the yolks of 3 or 4 eggs. See ICING (_below_).

=I'CING.= (For cakes.) _Syn._ SUGAR ICE. The covering of concreted sugar with which the confectioners adorn their cakes. _Prep._ Beat the white of eggs to a full froth, with a little rose or orange-flower water; then add gradually, as much finely powdered sugar as will make it thick enough, beating it well all the time. For use, dust the cakes over with flour, then gently rub it off, lay on the icing with a flat knife, stick on the ornaments while it is wet, and place it in the oven for a few minutes to harden, but not long enough to discolour it. It may be tinged of various shades by the addition of the proper 'stains.'

=ID'RIALIN.= A fusible, inflammable substance, found a.s.sociated with the native cinnabar of the mines of Idria, in Carniola. It is extracted from the ore by means of oil of turpentine. It is only slightly soluble in alcohol and ether. When pure, it is white and crystalline.

=ID'RYL.= A hydrocarbon generally found a.s.sociated with idrialin.

=IGASU'RIC ACID.= _Syn._ ACIDUM IGASURIc.u.m, L. An acid a.s.sociated with strychnine in the St. Ignatius' bean and in nux vomica. It may be obtained by digesting the rasped or ground beans first in ether and then in boiling alcohol, evaporating the latter decoction to dryness, diffusing the residuum through water, adding a little carbonate of magnesium, again boiling for some minutes, filtering, washing the powder with cold water, and digesting it in alcohol, and filtering. The igasurate of magnesium thus obtained is dissolved in boiling water, the solution decomposed by acetate of lead, and the precipitate (igasurate of lead), after being washed and diffused through distilled water, is decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen. The solution thus obtained yields crystals (igasuric acid) on being evaporated. It is soluble in both water and alcohol.

=IGNI"TION.= In the laboratory this term is commonly applied to the act of heating to redness or luminousness. See CALCINATION.

=ILLICIN.= Boil a clear decoction of holly with animal charcoal; let it settle, collect the deposited charcoal, wash it with cold water, dry it, and treat it with boiling alcohol; let the filtered liquid be evaporated to dryness. Febrifuge.--_Dose_, 6 to 24 gr.

=ILLUMINA'TION.= The act of illuminating or making luminous. For supplying artificial light to streets and the interiors of houses coal gas and oils and fats are generally employed. These illuminating agents are compounds rich in carbon, upon the presence of which the brightness of their flames depends. Flame is gas or vapour heated to incandescence during the process of combustion. A flame containing no solid particles emits but a feeble light, even if its temperature is the highest possible. Pure hydrogen, for instance, burns with a pale, smokeless flame, though with the production of considerable heat. On the other hand, wax, paraffin, coal-gas, &c., while undergoing combustion, give out considerable light, because their flames contain innumerable solid particles of carbon, which act as radiant points. To give the greatest degree of luminosity to flame, the supply of air must be proportioned to the character of the burning substance, and be insufficient for the instantaneous combustion of the evolved gases; in which case the hydrogen takes all the oxygen, and the larger portion of the carbon is precipitated, and burnt in the solid form, at some little distance within the outer surface of the flame. When the supply of air is sufficient for the immediate and complete combustion of the whole of the combustible matter, no such precipitation takes place, and the flame is neither white nor brilliant. The richest coal-gas, mixed with sufficient air to convert all its hydrogen and carbon into water and carbonic acid, explodes with a pale blue flash; yet the same gas, when consumed in the ordinary way, burns with a rich white flame. Every one must have noticed the effect of a gust of wind upon the flaring gas-jets of a butcher's shop; the plentiful supply of air causes complete combustion, and so converts the bright white flames into dull blue streaks of fire. When the supply of air is insufficient to cause the combustion of the newly formed solid carbon at the instant of its development, and whilst it is in an incandescent state, the flame becomes red and smoky, and unburnt sooty particles are thrown off. The same occurs when the temperature of any portion of the hydrogen is reduced below that intensity required for the combustion of the newly separated charcoal. Solid bodies, as tallow, oils, and fats, which burn with flame, are converted into the state of gas by the heat required to kindle them, and it is this gaseous matter which suffers combustion, and not the substance which produces it.

The relative value of the ordinary illuminating agents has been accurately determined by Dr Frankland. According to his experiments, the quant.i.ties of various substances required to give the same amount of light as would be obtained from 1 gallon of Young's Paraffin oil are as follows:--

Young's Paraffin oil 100 gall.

American rock oil[352] 126 "

Paraffin candles 186 lbs.

Sperm 229 "

Wax 264 "

Stearic 276 "

Composite 295 "

Tallow 390 "

[Footnote 352: Acknowledged to be an inferior sample.]

The following table exhibits the comparative cost of the light of 20 sperm candles, each burning 10 hours at the rate of 120 gr. per hour; also the amount of carbonic acid produced and heat evolved per hour, in obtaining this quant.i.ty of light:--

Carb. acid Units of Cost. per hour in heat _s._ _d._ cub. feet per hour.

Wax 7 2-1/2 } Spermaceti 6 8 } 83 82 Paraffin candles 3 10 67 66 Tallow 2 8 101 100 Rock oil 0 7-1/2 } Paraffin oil 0 6 } 30 29 Coal gas 0 4-1/2 50 47 Cannel gas 0 3 40 32

These figures prove that coal-gas and the mineral oils are the cheapest and best illuminating agents, producing the largest amount of light with the least development of heat.

The light emitted by incandescent lime (DRUMMOND LIGHT, HYDRO-OXYGEN LIGHT, LIME LIGHT, OXYHYDROGEN LIGHT) is intensely brilliant, and is often made use of to enable workmen to continue operations at night. It is obtained by directing the flame produced by the combustion of a mixture of hydrogen (or coal-gas) and oxygen upon a small cylinder of lime. In the improved form of this light the lime is protected from crumbling by a cage of platinum wire, and is caused to rotate slowly by means of clockwork, so as constantly to expose a fresh surface to the flame. When reflected from a 'parabolic mirror' in a pencil of parallel rays, the Drummond light has been recognised during daylight at a distance of 108 miles. The lime light produced with coal-gas and oxygen is used for the MAGIC LANTERN and GAS MICROSCOPE.