Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 216

=Essence of Spruce.= _Syn._ FLUID EXTRACT OF SPRUCE; ESSENTIA ABIETIS, EXTRACTUM A. FLUIDUM, L. _Prep._ A decoction of the young tops of the black spruce-fir _Abies nigra_, evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup. Used to make spruce beer, &c.

=Essence, Toothache.= _Syn._ ESSENTIA ODONTALGIA, L. _Prep._ 1. Acetate of morphia, 1/2 dr.; tincture of pellitory of Spain (made with rectified spirit), 2 fl. oz.; acetic acid (glacial), 4 fl. dr.; dissolve, and add of oil of cloves, 6 fl. dr.

2. (Redwood.) Pellitory, 1/2 lb.; extract of belladonna, 2 dr.; rectified spirit, 1 pint; digest 14 days, strain, and add, of hyponitrous ether, 1 oz.; oil of wine, 1/2 oz.; oil of cloves, 2 dr. See DROPS (Odontalgic).

=Essence of Tu"berose.= _Prep._ The flowers are stratified with sheep's or cotton wool, impregnated with the purest oil of ben or of olives, in an earthen vessel, closely covered, and kept for 12 hours in a water bath; the flowers are then removed, and fresh ones subst.i.tuted, and this is repeated until the oil (HUILE AU TUBEROSE) is sufficiently scented. The wool or cotton is then mixed with the purest spirit of wine, and distilled in a water bath; or it is first digested in a warm situation, and in a well-closed vessel, for several days, during the whole of which time frequent agitation is had recourse to. A similar plan is followed for the preparation of essences of jasmine, violets, and other like flowers. See SPIRIT.

=Essence of Turtle.= _Syn._ ESSENCE OF GREEN TURTLE. _Prep._ From essence of anchovies and shallot wine, of each 3 oz.; basil wine, 1/2 pint; mushroom ketchup, 1/4 pint; the juice of 2 lemons; the yellow peel of 1 lemon; curry powder, 1/4 oz.; digest for a week. Used to impart the flavour of turtle to soups and gravies.

=Essence of Tyre.= See HAIR DYE.

=Essence of Vanil'la.= _Syn._ ESSENTIA VANILLae, TINCTURE V. CONCENTRATA, L. _Prep._ 1. Vanilla (cut small), 2 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 pint, digest a fortnight.

2. (Wholesale.) Vanilla, 2 lbs.; rectified spirit, 1 gall.; proceed as for ESSENCE OF MUSK. Very superior.

3. Vanilla (best), 3/4 lb.; spirit of ambrette, 1 quart; cloves, 30 gr.; grain musk, 7 gr.; as last. Much esteemed. It is chiefly used as a perfume and for flavouring.

=Essence of Verbe'na.= _Syn._ ESSENCE OF LEMON-GRa.s.s, E. OF CITRONELLE; ESSENTIA VERBENae, L. _Prep._ 1. From oil of lemon-gra.s.s or verbena (_Andropogon citratum_), as ESSENCE OF ALLSPICE.

2. To the last add, of essences of ambergris and bergamotte (oil), of each 1 fl. dr.; neroli, 1/2 fl. dr.

3. To No. 1. add, of oils of lavender and bergamotte, of each 1/2 dr.; essence of vanilla, 2 fl. dr. A powerful and refreshing perfume.

=Essence of Vio'let.= _Syn._ ESSENTIA VIOLae, L.; ESSENCES DES VIOLETTES, Fr. See ESSENCE OF TUBEROSE and SPIRIT.

=Essence of Vittie Vayr.= _Syn._ ESSENCE OF VETIVER; ESSENCE DE VITTIE VAYR DOUBLE, Fr. _Prep._ 1. Vittie vayr or cuscus (the root of _Andropogon muricatus_, cut small and bruised), 3 lbs.; proof spirit, 9 pints; digest a week, add of water, 5 pints, and the next day distil over 1 gall. of essence.

2. To the last, before distillation, add, of otto of roses, 1/2 dr.; eau de melisse (spirit of balm), 1/2 pint; and proceed as before. Used as a perfume. In 1831 it was much employed in Paris as a prophylactic of cholera.

=Essence, Volatile (Acetic).= _Syn._ PUNGENT ACETIC ESSENCE; ESSENTIA VOLATILIS ACETICA, L. Aromatic vinegar.

=Essence, Volatile (Ammoniacal).= _Syn._ PUNGENT AMMONIACAL ESSENCE, AROMATIC AMMONIACAL E.; ESSENTIA VOLATILIS, E. V. AMMONIACALIS, E. V.

AROMATICA, &c., L. _Prep._ 1. Oil of cinnamon, 6 drops; otto of roses, 12 drops; oil of cloves, 1 fl. dr.; essence of bergamotte, 2 fl. dr.; oil of lavender (Mitcham), 4 fl. dr.; essence of musk, 5 fl. dr.; liquor of ammonia (strongest), 1 pint; mix in a cold place, and shake the bottle until the whole is combined.

2. Essence of violets and oil of cinnamon, of each 12 drops; neroli, essence of jasmine, and otto of roses, of each 1/2 dr.; oil of lavender, 1 dr.; essence royale and essence (oil) of bergamotte, of each 2-1/2 dr.; liquor of ammonia (strongest), 1 pint; as the last.

3. Oils of lemon and bergamotte, of each 5 fl. dr.; oil of lavender, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; otto of roses, 1 fl. dr.; oils of ca.s.sia, neroli, cloves, and cedrat, of each 1/2 fl. dr.; oil of sandal wood, 15 drops; liquor of ammonia (strongest), 1 pint.

4. Essence of bergamotte, 6 fl. dr.; oil of lavender, 4 fl. dr.; oil of cloves, 3 fl. dr.; oil of ca.s.sia, 1-1/2 fl. dr.; oil of verbena (lemon-gra.s.s), 1 fl. dr.; otto of roses, 30 drops; liquor of ammonia, 18 fl. oz.

5. (Redwood.) Oil of bergamotte, 3 oz.; essence of lemons, 2 oz.; oil of lavender, 6 dr.; essence of jasmine, 4 dr.; oil of sa.s.safras, 3 dr.; oil of neroli, 2 dr.; otto of roses, 1-1/2 dr.; oil of origanum and essence of ambergris, of each 1 dr.; musk, 20 gr.; macerate for a week, and decant the clear portion. It is added to the strongest liquor of ammonia in proportion of 1-1/2 oz. to the pint.

_Obs._ The above are used to fill smelling-bottles. They are all very fragrant and refreshing.

=Essence, Ward's.= See ESSENCE HEADACHE.

=Essence of Water-fen'nel.= _Syn._ ESSENTIA Ph.e.l.lANDRI AQUATICI, E.

FNICULIS A., L. _Prep._ (Cottereau.) Water-fennel seeds (fine-leaved water-hemlock, bruised), 1 oz.; proof spirit, 4 fl. oz.; digest. Narcotic and pectoral.--_Dose_, 5 to 25 drops, combined with bark; in phthisis, &c.

=Essence, Westphalian.= ESSENCE OF SMOKE, E. OF WOOD-SMOKE, CAMBRIAN ESSENCE, SMOKING FLUID; ESSENTIA FULIGINIS, &c., L. _Prep._ 1. Crude or empyreumatic pyroligneous acid, 1 pint; sugar colouring, 2 oz.; dissolve, and in a week decant the clear portion.

2. Tar, 3 dr.; sugar colouring, 2 oz.; hot crude pyroligneous acid, 1 pint; agitate constantly for 1 hour, and after repose decant the clear portion.

3. Acetic acid (Ph. L.), 1 pint; creasote, 5 dr.; mix. White.

4. Barbadoes tar, 1/4 oz.; burnt sugar and common salt, of each 1 oz.; strong pickling vinegar, 3/4 pint; port or elder wine, 1/4 pint; digest as before. Inferior to the preceding. Used to impart a smoky flavour to meat, fish, &c., by brushing it over them, or adding a little to the brine in which they are pickled.

=Essence of Worm'wood.= _Syn._ ESSENTIA AMARA, E. ABSINTHII, L. _Prep._ 1.

Extract of wormwood, 4 oz.; oil of wormwood, 1 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 pint; digest a week and filter. Tonic, stomachic, and vermifuge.--_Dose_, 10 drops to a teaspoonful.

2. (Van Mons.) Tincture of wormwood, 1 pint; salt of wormwood, 5 dr.; extract of wormwood, 1 dr.; digest as before.--_Dose_, 1/2 to 1-1/2 fl.

dr.

=Essences, Fla"vouring.= _Syn._ CULINARY ESSENCES, SPICE E., ESSENCES FOR THE TABLE, &c. Those used by cooks, confectioners, liqueurists, &c., are all made by either dissolving 1 fl. oz. of the essential oil of the particular substance in 1 pint of rectified spirit, or by digesting 4 to 6 oz. of the bruised spice, or 5 to 10 oz. of the dried herb, in a like quant.i.ty (1 pint) of spirit. The first method is preferable, from being the least troublesome, and yielding the finest product. They are commonly labelled 'CONCENTRATED ESSENCE OF ----.' An inferior article, vended under the names of 'ESSENCES OF CULINARY HERBS,' 'CULINARY TINCTURES,'

'TINCTURES FOR KITCHEN USE,' &c., are prepared from half the above quant.i.ty of oil or spice, infused in a pint of proof spirit or British brandy. The princ.i.p.al compounds of this cla.s.s are the essences of allspice, caraway, cardamoms, ca.s.sia, cayenne, celery seed, cinnamon, cloves, coriander seed, fennel, garlic, ginger, lemon peel, mace, marjoram, nutmegs, orange peel, peppermint, spearmint, sweet basil, and the like. The whole of these are employed to flavour soups, gravies, sweetmeats, pastry, wines, mulled wines, liqueurs, &c.

=Essences, Flower.= Those for which separate formulae are not given in this work may most of them be made from the essential oil of the flowers and rectified spirit, as the last; or by digesting the flowers (crushed or bruised), 3 to 5 lbs., in proof spirit, 2 galls., for a few days, and then drawing over, by distillation, 1 gall. For the essences of those flowers which are not strongly odorous, the spirit thus obtained is distilled from a like quant.i.ty of flowers, a second, and a third time, or even oftener.

The essences of other organic substances, whose fragrant principles are volatile, may be prepared in the same manner. A small quant.i.ty of some other odorous essence is frequently added to the product, to enrich or modify the fragrance. See FLOWERS and ESSENCES BY INFUSION.

=Essences, Fra'grant.= See FLOWER ESSENCES (_above_), ESSENTIA ODORATA, PERFUMERY, &c.

=Essences, Fruit.= See ESSENCES OF APPLE, PINE-APPLE, JARGONELLE, &c.

=Essences by Infu'sion.= This term, among perfumers, is commonly applied to those essences, eaux, and esprits, which are prepared by digesting the ingredients in the spirit used as the vehicle for the aroma, in opposition to those obtained by 'distillation,' or by 'contact,' or 'pressure.' Thus, the ESSENCES OF AMBERGRIS, MUSK, and VANILLA, are of this cla.s.s.

=Essences, Vi'nous.= _Syn._ ESSENTIA VINOSA, L. These are prepared in a similar way to the wines (VINA) of the pharmacopia, by using 8 times the usual quant.i.ty of ingredients, and the very strongest sherry wine. 1 fl.

dr., added to 7 fl. dr. of wine or water (properly the first only), forms an extemporaneous imitation of the officinal VINA MEDICATA. Some of the above are largely used in dispensing, and by travellers. See LIQUOR and WINE.

=ESSENTIA BI'NA.= See COLOURING.

=Essentia, Odora'ta.= _Prep._ 1. Oil of lavender, 1 dr.; oils of cloves, ca.s.sia, and bergamot, of each 1/2 dr.; neroli, 20 drops; essence royale, 2 fl. dr.; rectified spirit, 1/2 pint; mix.

2. (Redwood.) English oil of lavender, 48 drops; oil of cloves, 32 drops; oil of orange peel, 16 drops; oil of bergamotte and sweet spirit of nitre, of each 8 drops; oil of yellow sandal-wood, neroli, and otto of roses, of each 2 drops; oil of cinnamon, 1 drop; rectified spirit, and essence of ambergris and musk, of each 1 oz.; honey water, 8 oz.; mix. Used as a perfume for the handkerchief, &c. The last form seems unnecessarily complicated and minute.

=Essentia Odorif'era.= _Prep._ 1. Grain musk and balsam of Peru, of each 10 gr.; civet, 4 gr.; oil of cloves, 5 drops; oil of rhodium, 3 drops; salt of tartar (dried by a dull-red heat and cooled), 1/2 dr.; rectified spirit (strongest), 2-1/2 fl. oz.; macerate for 14 days, and pour off the clear.

2. Oil of rhodium and balsam of Peru, of each 1/2 dr.; oil of cloves, 1 dr.; spirit of ammonia, 2 fl. dr.; essence of civet and vanilla, of each 2 fl. oz.; essence of musk, 5 fl. oz.; neroli, oils of lavender, verbena, and ca.s.sia, of each 6 drops. As last. Both are very pleasant, durable, and powerful perfumes for personal use.

=ESSENTIAL OIL.= See OIL (Volatile).

=ESSENTIAL SALT OF BARK.= See BARK and =Extract=.

=ESSENTIAL SALT OF LEMONS.= _Syn._ SALT OF LEMONS; SAL LIMONUM, L. The preparation sold under this name is made by mixing cream of tartar (bitartrate of pota.s.sa) with twice its weight of salt of sorrel (quadroxalate of pota.s.sa), both in fine powder. It is used to remove fruit stains, &c., from linen, by rubbing a little of it on the part moistened with warm water. It is poisonous, if swallowed in quant.i.ty.

=ETCH'ING.= A species of engraving, in which the design is formed on the plate by the action of an acid, or some other fluid, instead of being cut out by the graver.

_Proc._ In the ORDINARY PROCESS OF ETCHING the plate is covered with 'etching ground' (an acid-resisting varnish), and the design is scratched on the metal through the ground, by means of a pointed tool of steel called the 'etching needle' or 'point.' A border of wax is then placed round the plate, and the 'biting' fluid poured on, and allowed to remain till the 'lights' or finest portions of the design are sufficiently 'bitten in,' The etching fluid is then poured off, the plate washed, and the light parts 'stopped out' with Brunswick black or other varnish; the solvent is again poured on, and allowed to remain until the finest portion of the exposed lines are sufficiently deep, when the acid is again poured off, and the whole process is repeated till the very darkest lines or shadows are sufficiently 'bitten in,' The plate is then cleaned, and is ready to be printed from. Occasionally the etched design receives a few finishing touches with the 'graver.'

There are several varieties of etching, of which the following are the princ.i.p.al:--ETCHING WITH A SOFT GROUND, when a coating of lard or tallow is employed, and the design is drawn on a piece of paper, laid evenly on the ground, by which means the fatty matter adheres to the paper, on the parts pressed on by the point or pencil, and the copper beneath becomes exposed, and is then acted on by the acid. The effect resembles that of chalk or pencil drawings.--STIPPLING, or executing the design in dots instead of lines.--AQUATINTA or AQUATINT, a mode of etching on copper for producing an effect resembling a drawing in Indian ink. It is performed by sifting powdered asphaltum or lac resin on the plate, previously slightly greased, and, after shaking off the loose powder, gently heating it over a chafing dish; on cooling, the lights are covered with turpentine varnish coloured with lampblack, by means of a hair pencil, and a rim of wax being placed round the plate, a mixture of 'aquafortis' and water is poured on it, and allowed to remain for 5 or 6 minutes, when it is poured off, the plate dried, and recourse had to the pencil as before. The process of 'stopping' and 'etching' is repeated again and again, until the darkest shades are produced. Sometimes, instead of using asphaltum, an alcoholic solution of sh.e.l.l-lac or gum mastic is poured over the plate, placed in a slanting direction; this varnish forms a film, which, on drying, leaves innumerable cracks or minute fissures through which the acid acts on the plate. The fineness or coa.r.s.eness of the grain depends entirely upon the condition of the powdered asphaltum, or on the quant.i.ty of matter dissolved in the spirit employed to form the ground.