Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 161

=Copper, Ar'senite of.= Cu(AsO_{2})_{2}. See GREEN PIGMENTS (Scheele's Green).

=Copper, Carbonate of.= CuCO_{3}. _Syn._ DIBA'SIC CARBONATE OF COPPER, DICARBONATE OF C.; CUPRI CARBONAS, L. _Prep._ Add carbonate of soda in excess to a solution of sulphate of copper, and warm the mixture till the pale-blue, flocculent precipitate becomes sandy and a.s.sumes a green tint.

Used as a pigment. See GREEN PIGMENTS and VERDITER.

_Obs._ As prepared above, the carbonate contains 2 equivalents of water.

The beautiful green mineral, MAL'ACHITE, has a similar composition, but contains only 1 equiv. of water. Another carbonate (TRIBASIC C., BLUE C.), occurs as a natural ore in large, transparent crystals, of the most intense blue; it has not yet been artificially imitated.

=Cuprous Chloride.= CuCl. _Syn._ DICHLORIDE OF COPPER, SUBCHLORIDE OF COPPER. _Prep._ By exposing the neutral chloride of copper to the action of heat.

_Prop._ White; fusible; slightly soluble in water; and decomposed by exposure to the air.

=Copper, Chloride of.= CuCl_{2}. _Syn._ NEUTRAL CHLORIDE OF COPPER.

_Prep._ From copper scales or black oxide of copper dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and the solution evaporated and crystallised.

_Prop., &c._ Green, acicular crystals; deliquescent; soluble in alcohol, the flame of which it colours green. When gently heated it loses water, and a.s.sumes the form of a yellowish-brown powder (ANHYDROUS CUPRIC CHLORIDE, or CHLORIDE OF COPPER); at a high temperature it loses half its chlorine, and becomes converted into cuprous chloride.

=Cupric Iodide.= CuI_{2}. _Syn._ IODIDE OF COPPER, DINI'ODIDE OF COPPER; CU'PRI IODI'DUM. L. _Prep._ By adding iodide of pota.s.sium to a solution of sulphate of copper, and washing out with alcohol the free iodine from the precipitate formed. A greenish-white precipitate.

(Commercial.) To a solution of sulphate of copper, 1 part, and protosulphate of iron, 3 parts, add a solution of iodide of pota.s.sium, and wash and dry the precipitate. This is the preparation commonly known in trade by the name of 'iodide of copper.'

=Cupric Nitrate.= Cu(NO_{3})_{2}. _Syn._ NITRATE OF COPPER; CU'PRI NI'TRAS, L. _Prep._ By dissolving the copper in dilute nitric acid to saturation; evaporating to dryness; redissolving in distilled water; filtering, evaporating, and allowing to crystallise; or from black oxide of copper and nitric acid in the same manner.

_Prop., Uses, &c._ Deep-blue prismatic crystals, very soluble in water and deliquescent, soluble in alcohol. Generally used in medicine externally, in injections, or as a caustic, but sometimes given internally, dissolved in mucilaginous liquids.--_Dose_, 1/8 to 1/4 gr.

=Cuprous Oxide.= Cu_{2}O. _Syn._ RED OXIDE OF COPPER, DINOX'IDE, SUBOXIDE; CUPRI SUBOX'YDUM, L. _Prep._ Add grape sugar to a solution of sulphate or acetate of copper, then further add caustic pota.s.sa in excess; the blue solution heated to ebullition deposits the suboxide, which must then be collected, washed, and dried.

A solution of cane sugar, 27 parts, in water, 60 parts, is poured over hydrated oxide of copper (weighed in the compressed and still moist state), 9 parts; a solution of caustic pota.s.sa, 18 parts, in water, 60 parts, is then added, and the whole ma.s.s well agitated together at the ordinary temperature, and strained through linen. If the dark-blue filtrate is next heated (continually stirring), over a water bath, anhydrous cuprous oxide is disengaged, and the liquor becomes nearly colourless.

_Prop., Uses, &c._ A superb red powder, with a metallic l.u.s.tre. It often occurs in beautiful transparent, ruby-red crystals, a.s.sociated with other ores of copper, and can be obtained in this state by artificial means. It is used as a pigment and a bronze, and as a stain for gla.s.s and enamels, to which it gives a rich red colour. By heat it is converted into the black oxide. With ammonia it forms a colourless solution, which rapidly becomes blue from the action of the air.

=Cupric Oxide.= CuO. _Syn._ OX'IDE OF COPPER, BLACK OXIDE, PROTOXIDE; CU'PRI PROTOX'YDUM. _Prep._ By heating the nitrate or carbonate of copper to redness. When it ceases to lose weight the conversion is completed, and the oxide appears as a heavy, black powder.

By heating in the air the hydrated oxide thrown down from solutions of copper by pure pota.s.sa.

By adding caustic pota.s.sa, in excess, to a solution of a cupric salt, and heating the whole to a boiling-point; the precipitate is then collected, washed, and dried. A heavy, dark-brown powder.

_Uses, &c._ Protoxide of copper is unchanged by heat unless combustible matter is present, when it readily parts with its oxygen; hence its general use in ORGANIC a.n.a.lYSIS as a source of that element. It communicates a beautiful green colour to gla.s.s and enamels. With the acids it produces the ordinary salts of copper.

=Cupric Sulphate.= CuSO_{4}.5Aq. _Syn._ SULPHATE OF COPPER, BLUE COP'PERAS, B. VIT'RIOL; CU'PRI SUL'PHAS, L.; SULFATE DE CUIVRE, Fr.; KUPFER VITRIOL, Ger.; NEELA TOOTIA, Hind. _Prep._ (Commercial.) The sulphate of copper of commerce is obtained by the oxidation of native sulphide of copper (COPPER PYRITES); by the joint action of air, heat, and moisture, the copper is converted into an oxide, and the sulphur into sulphuric acid. The resulting salt is washed out, and the solution evaporated and crystallised. The water found in and issuing from copper mines often furnishes such a solution ready to the hands of the manufacturers. A large quant.i.ty of sulphate of copper is also obtained as a secondary product in the refining of silver, and is occasionally prepared by dissolving in sulphuric acid an oxychloride of copper, made for the purpose by exposing sheets of copper to the joint action of air and hydrochloric acid.

(Pure.) By the direct solution of the metal, or preferably, of its oxide or carbonate in sulphuric acid, or by purifying the commercial salt by recrystallisation, &c.

_Prop., Uses, &c._ Fine blue crystals, slightly efflorescent, having an intensely styptic and metallic taste. By heat the blue salt loses its water of crystallisation, and becomes a white, anhydrous powder. It dissolves in 4 parts of water at 60 Fahr., and in 2 parts at 212; is insoluble in alcohol and ether; and is decomposed at an intense heat into protoxide of copper, sulphurous acid, and oxygen. It has been used to prevent the dry rot in timber and in dyeing. It is largely employed as a source of metallic copper in the ELECTROTYPE. Grain is steeped in a weak solution of it by the farmer, to prevent the 's.m.u.t,' As a medicine, it is employed chiefly as a styptic (in solution) and caustic (in substance) to destroy 'proud flesh,' and, less frequently, as an astringent or tonic (from 1/4 gr. to 2 gr.), and an emetic (3 or 4 gr. to 10 or 12 gr). It is exceedingly poisonous.

=COP'PERAS.= This is a generic name for the CRUDE METALLIC SULPHATES. When used without a qualifying adjective, it generally means sulphate of iron.

=Copperas, Blue.= Crude sulphate of copper. See COPPER (_above_).

=Copperas, Calcined'.= From green copperas, heated in an unglazed earthen pot until it becomes white and dry. Used as an astringent and 'drier,' and in making ink and dyeing.

=Copperas, Green.= _Syn._ COPPERAS. Crude sulphate of iron. See IRON.

=Copperas, White.= Crude sulphate of zinc. See ZINC.

=COP'PERING.= Iron may be covered with a thin film of copper by merely immersing it (previously scoured clean) in an acidulated solution of sulphate of copper, after which it must be rinsed in clean water. This film soon rubs off, but still it lasts long enough to deceive the travelling tinker's customers, who imagine that their copper kettles are properly repaired. Metals may be conveniently coated with compact copper to any desired thickness by means of voltaic electricity. See ELECTROTYPE.

=COP'ROLITE.= _Syn._ DUNG'STONE, FOSSIL MANURE. This mineral is the petrified dung of carnivorous reptiles. (Buckland.) Coprolites are found in all the secondary and tertiary strata. They contain a considerable proportion of phosphate of lime, for which reason they are largely employed in the manufacture of artificial manures. They form the bases of Lawes' SUPERPHOSPHATE OF COPROLITE MANURE. The nodules, after being washed, are ground to powder in a mill, and mixed with an equal weight of oil of vitriol.

=COPTIS TEETA.= (Ind. Ph.) _Syn._ COPTIS, or MISHMI t.i.tA. _Hab._ Mishmel mountains, east of a.s.sam. _Officinal part._ The dried root (_Coptidis Radix_), imported into Bengal from a.s.sam in small rattan baskets, each containing from 1 to 2 ounces of the drug. This consists of pieces of a woody rhizome, of the thickness of a small goose-quill and from 1 to 2 inches in length, often contracted at one extremity into a short woody stem; the surface is usually rough, irregular, more or less annulated, and marked with the remains of rootlets in the shape of short spiny point.

Externally, yellowish-brown; internally, much brighter, frequently of a golden-yellow colour, exhibiting on fracture a radiated structure. Taste, persistently bitter, and when chewed tinges the saliva yellow. Contains neither tannic nor gallic acid, but abounds with a yellow, bitter principle, soluble in water and alcohol.--_Prop._ Pure bitter tonic.--_Therapeutic uses._ In debility, convalescence after fevers, and other debilitating diseases, atonic dyspepsia, and in mild forms of intermittent fevers.--_Dose_, 10 to 15 gr. of the powdered root, thrice daily.

=Tincture of Coptis= (_Tinctura Coptidis_). Take of coptis root, in coa.r.s.e powder, 2-1/2 oz.; proof spirits, 2 pints. Macerate for 7 days in a closed vessel, with occasional agitation; strain, press, filter, and add sufficient proof spirit to make 1 pint.--_Dose_. 1/2 to 2 fl. oz.

=Infusion of Coptis= (_Infusum Coptidis_). Take of coptis root, in coa.r.s.e powder, 5 dr.; boiling water, 1 pint. Infuse in a covered vessel for 2 hours, and strain.--_Dose_, 1 to 2 fl. oz., thrice daily.

=COR'AL.= _Syn._ CORAL'LIUM, L. The comprehensive term for all calcareous or stony structures secreted by the marine asteroid polypes, or zoophytes.

The RED CORAL of commerce, which is so largely employed for beads, earrings, and other ornaments, may be described as the internal skeleton of _Corallium rubrum_.

=Coral, Red= (=Facti"tious=). _Syn._ CORAL'LIUM RU'BRUM FACTI"TIUM, L.

Prepared chalk, coloured with a little sesquioxide of iron or rose pink, and pa.s.sed through a sieve. Sold by the druggists for powdered coral.

=Coral, Prepared' Red.= _Syn._ CORAL'LIUM RU'BRUM PREPARA'TUM. Levigated coral was formerly used in medicine as an antacid or absorbent, and is still occasionally employed as a dentifrice. It consists almost entirely of carbonate of lime, coloured with red oxide of iron, and possesses no advantage over good chalk. It is prepared in a similar manner as chalk.

=CORAL, to Bleach.= Immerse the coral in a mixture composed of one part of hydrochloric acid, and thirty parts of water; and keep it in this liquid until it becomes quite white. It should then be taken out, washed well in cold water, and allowed to dry.

=COPPER, CYANIDE= (CuCy_{2}). This salt is much used in electro-coppering.

It may be obtained by adding to a solution of a copper salt, a solution of ferrocyanide of pota.s.sium; when a precipitate is obtained, which dried, is of a brown colour, and is cyanide of copper.

=CORALLINE.= See TAR COLOURS.

=CORD'IALS.= _Syn._ CARDI'ACA, L. Warm, stimulating, restorative medicines, that tend to raise the spirits and promote the circulation. The princ.i.p.al cordial medicines are noticed under the heads TINCTURE and SYRUP. See also PATENT MEDICINES.

=Cordials.= Aromatised and sweetened spirits used as beverages. See LIQUEUR.

=CORIAN'DER.= _Syn._ (CORIANDER FRUIT, CORIANDRI FRUCTUS, (B. P.); CORIANDERS, C. SEED; CORIANDRUM (Ph. L. E. & D.), L. "The ripe fruit of the _Coriandrum sativum_, dried." (B. P.) Coriander is chiefly used by confectioners and distillers as a flavouring ingredient. In the East it is much employed as a condiment, being an ingredient in CURRY POWDER. It is aromatic, carminative, and stimulant; and more effectually covers the taste of senna than any other substance.--_Dose_, 20 to 60 gr.; chiefly used as a corrective or adjuvant in compound medicines.

=CORK.= The outer bark of the _Quercus Suber_ or _cork oak_, a tree common in southern France, Italy, and Spain. The bark obtained from the younger branches of the same tree is employed for tanning. See ALCORNOCO.

=Cork.= A stopple or plug for a bottle or jar cut from the above substance. The common practice of employing inferior corks for the purpose of stopping the mouths of bottles is often productive of considerable loss, from the air being only partially excluded, and the contents suffering in consequence. Many a large bin of valuable wine has become, from this cause, in less than a year, little better than sour 'Cape.'

Chemical preparations often suffer from a similar cause. The best corks are those called 'velvet corks,' and of these the finest qualities are imported from France. No pains should be spared to obtain sound and soft cork for connecting the combustion- and drying-tubes used in organic a.n.a.lysis.

Ruschhaupt gives the following process for preparing corks for corking bottles containing alcoholic or caustic liquids:--Paraffin is fused in a suitable vessel, the dry corks are added, and immersed in the paraffin by means of a perforated c.o.o.n or disk. The air is now easily expelled from the pores of the corks, which after about five minutes, are removed and cooled; they may now be cut and bored like wax, are easily driven into the necks of bottles, and readily removed, retain their smoothness and are gas-tight throughout.

Several attempts have been made to introduce cork-cutting by machinery, but they have hitherto failed to supersede hand labour.

=Cork-bo"rer.= A thin bra.s.s tube, filed to a cutting edge, used for piercing holes through corks. Several tubes of different sizes, which fit into each other, are generally sold together. This simple and convenient instrument was introduced into the laboratory by Dr Mohr.

=CORN.= _Syn._ CLA'VUS, L. A h.o.r.n.y induration of the skin, with a central nucleus, very sensitive at the base. The common cause of corns is continued pressure over the projection of the bones, from tight or stiff boots or shoes. They are of two kinds, hard and soft. The first grow on the exposed portions of the joints; the last, between the toes.