Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 145

3. Scammony, 2 dr.; chocolate, 3 oz.; for 1 dozen cakes. The last two are given in worms.--_Dose_ (for an adult), 1 cake, taken fasting.

=Chocolate, Sal'ep.= _Syn._ SAL'OOP CHOCOLATE; CHOCOLA'TA c.u.m SAL'EP, L.

_Prep._ 1. (P. C.) Chocolate, 16 oz.; powdered salep, 1/2 oz.

2. (Cadet.) Cacao paste and sugar, of each 1 lb.; powdered salep, 1 oz.

Arrowroot chocolate and tapioca chocolate are made in the same manner.

(See _below_.)

=Chocolate, Sim'ple.= _Syn._ HYGIEN'IC C., h.o.m.oPATH'IC C.; CHOCOLA'TA, C.

SIM'PLEX, C. SALU'TIS, L.; CHOCOLAT DE SANTe, Fr. _Prep._ (P. C.) Caracas and Maragnan cocoa, of each 96 lbs.; sugar, 160 lbs.; cinnamon, 1 oz. (to 2 oz.); triturated together in the usual manner, and formed into cakes or powder.

=Chocolate, Vanil'la.= _Syn._ CHOCOLA'TA c.u.m VANIL'LA, L. _Prep._ 1. (P.

C.) Chocolate (plain,--P. C.), 16 oz.; vanilla, 1/2 dr.

2. (Cotterau.) Cocoa paste, 6 lbs.; sugar, 10 lbs.; vanilla, 11 dr.

See forms previously given.

=Chocolate, Ver'mifuge.= _Syn._ CHOCOLA'TA VERMIFU'GA, L. See CHOCOLATE, PURGATIVE (Nos. 2 and 3, _above_).

=Chocolate, White.= _Syn._ WHITE COCOA, CAR'RAGEEN C.; CHOCOLA'TA c.u.m CHON'DRO, PAS'TA CACA'O c.u.m CHON'DRO, P. C. C. LICHEN'E CARRAGHEN'O, L.

_Prep._ 1. As Iceland moss chocolate, but employing carrageen moss.

2. (Ph. Dan.) Roasted and decorticated cocoa seeds (reduced to a subtile ma.s.s in a warm iron mortar) and powdered white sugar, of each 2 lbs.; powdered carrageen (debitterised), 3 oz.

3. (Cottereau.) Sugar, 6 lbs.; rice flour, 1-3/4 lb.; potato starch and b.u.t.ter of cocoa, of each 1/2 lb.; gum Arabic 1/4 lb. (dissolved); tincture of vanilla, 1/2 fl. oz.; boiling water, q. s.; triturate to a stiff paste.

The above are highly nutritious, and are recommended as articles of diet for convalescents and debilitated persons.

=CHOKE-DAMP.= _Syn._ AFT'ER-DAMP. The term applied by miners to carbonic anhydride (carbonic acid) and other irrespirable gases and vapours evolved in mines. See CARBONIC ACID, FIRE DAMP, VENTILATION, &c.

=CHOKING.= Threatened choking may occur either in the gullet or swallow--or in the windpipe. If in the gullet press down the tongue with the handle of a spoon, and pa.s.s the fingers down without any hesitation, when the substance may generally be dislodged or pulled up. When it is small, and has got out of reach, it may mostly be removed by filling the mouth with liquid and swallowing it at a gulp, or by swallowing a large piece of bread. Foreign bodies thus swallowed generally pa.s.s harmlessly through the bowels.

If the choking occur in the windpipe or trachea, it is usually dislodged by the paroxysm of coughing which accompanies the act. Should it fail to be so, and a sense of suffocation ensues, accompanied with blueness of countenance and difficulty of breathing, place the patient, and follow the directions given in the article "SUSPENDED ANIMATION," while a medical man is immediately sent for.

_Treatment for Horses or Cattle._--Remove any foreign body by hand, as directed above, or have recourse to the probang. It may perhaps be necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon, in case the above methods fail, to extract the obstruction by cutting into the gullet.

=CHOLAGOGUES.= Medicines which promote a flow of bile.

=CHOLALIC ACID.= C_{24}H_{40}O_{5}. _Syn._ CHOL'IC ACID. A non-nitrogenous acid existing in bile. It is best prepared by boiling the resinous ma.s.s precipitated by ether from an alcoholic solution of ox bile with a dilute solution of pota.s.sa, for 24 to 36 hours, till the amorphous pota.s.sa salt that has separated begins to crystallise. The dark-coloured soft ma.s.s is then removed from the alkaline liquid, dissolved in water, and hydrochloric acid added. A little ether will cause the deposition of the CHOLALIC ACID from this solution in crystals. With sulphuric acid and solution of sugar it strikes a purple-violet colour; this const.i.tutes Pettenkofer's test for bile.

=CHOLE'IC ACID.= _Syn._ TAURO-CHOLALIC ACID. A peculiar conjugated compound of cholalic acid with a substance called taurine, which contains both nitrogen and sulphur. In combination with soda, choleic acid const.i.tutes a princ.i.p.al ingredient in bile.

=CHOL'ERA.= This word, which, from its derivation, can be only applied correctly to a bilious affection of the stomach and bowels, has been of late years very loosely extended to a malignant disease, the most marked characteristic of which is a total suspension of the functions of the biliary organs.

=Cholera, En"glish.= _Syn._ COM'MON CHOLERA, BIL'IOUS C.; CHOL'ERA MOR'BUS, L. A disease characterised by bilious vomiting and purging, accompanied by more or less pain and debility. Diarrha is the most common precursor of the disease, and ought to be attended to without delay, particularly if the weather be warm. Cholera most frequently occurs towards the end of the summer and early in the autumn, when the increased heat of the sun stimulates the liver to an inordinate secretion of bile, by which the whole system becomes overloaded with it. Among secondary and accidental causes are sudden changes of temperature, checked perspiration, and the use of indigestible food, and food and beverages in a state of incipient decomposition. It is usually accompanied by fever, thirst, and severe colic, and sometimes by cold sweats, extreme debility, feeble pulse, &c., under which the patient sinks in 24 hours.

_Treat._ In most cases this complaint is not dangerous, and yields to proper treatment in a few days. As soon after the commencement of the attack as possible, some mild aperient should be administered. Opiates may be employed, both topically and by the mouth. Jeremie's solution is stated to be very efficacious in the diarrha which so generally precedes cholera. A teaspoonful or two of laudanum, rubbed over the region of the stomach and bowels, is a simple application which will generally allay the pain. 10 to 20 drops of laudanum, mixed with a table-spoonful of good brandy, or a few grains of cayenne pepper, may also be taken every hour if the pain is severe. Should the stomach reject the medicine, or the vomiting be apparently increased by drinking warm diluents, a few spoonfuls of ice-cold water, or of a mixture of lemon-juice and water, may be taken instead, until the sickness abates. Dr Copeland recommends spirit of turpentine in violent attacks, both internally and as an external application in the form of warm epithems. When the violence of the symptoms has abated, tonics and bitters (as calumba, gentian, orange-peel, &c.) may be advantageously had recourse to. Calumba, in the form of a weak infusion, conjoined, if necessary, with aromatics, is, perhaps, the most valuable agent we possess for the after-treatment of the disease. See DIARRHA.

=Cholera, Malig'nant.= _Syn._ ASIAT'IC CHOLERA, EPIDEM'IC C, BLUE C, PESTILEN'TIAL C, SPASMOD'IC C.; CHOL'ERA ASIAT'ICA, C. ASPHYX'IA, C.

MALIG'NA, L. This fearful disease first became known in this country in the autumn of 1831. The attack usually begins with sickness and purging; this discharge, however, is not bilious, as in ordinary cholera, but a thin, colourless fluid, like rice-water; at the same time there is great prostration of strength, and cold, clammy sweats. In a short time dreadful cramps a.s.sail the extremities and afterwards the abdomen; the body becomes bent, the limbs twisted, the countenance cadaverous, the pulse almost imperceptible, and the eyes sunken; the patient sinks into a state of apathy, and unless a favorable change speedily takes place, soon expires from exhaustion. When there is a reaction the pulse gradually returns, the natural warmth of the body is restored, and the spasms and difficulty of breathing give way. Frequently, however, the reaction is accompanied by fever closely resembling typhus, and which often terminates fatally in from four to eight days. The symptoms of epidemic cholera are not always of this terrible character.

_Treat._ In giving a few of the many remedies that have been recommended for this terrible disease, we may preface the list, by urgently counselling the sufferer to lose no time in sending for a medical man, in case of being attacked by this appalling malady.

1. (American Remedy.) Equal parts of maple sugar and powdered fresh-burnt charcoal, made into a stiff paste with lard, and divided into pieces the size of a filbert.--_Dose._ One, occasionally, swallowed whole.

2. (Austrian Specific.) The proportions of the ingredients in the following formulae are founded on Mr Herapath's a.n.a.lysis of this celebrated preparation, and are given in the nearest available whole numbers:--

_a._ Sulphuric acid (sp. gr. 1845), 20 gr.; nitric acid (sp. gr. 1500), 12 gr,; sugar and gum, of each 15 gr.; distilled or pure soft water, q. s.

to make the whole weigh exactly 1 oz.

_b._ Sulphuric acid, 3 dr.; nitric acid, 2 dr.; simple syrup, 6 dr.; water, q. s. to make the whole weigh exactly 10 oz. A single drop of essential oil of lemon may be added.

_Doses, &c._ One table-spoonful is ordered to be taken in water, on the first appearance of premonitory symptoms, followed by the free use of very cold water. In half an hour a second dose is to be taken. This (as a.s.serted) is generally sufficient to arrest the progress of the disease. A table-spoonful is then to be added to a pint of cold water, and drunk _ad libitum_. In more obstinate cases it is said that 4 or 5 doses are generally required to effect a cure. When collapse sets in, double doses are ordered to be given, and to be repeated after every attack of vomiting until the sickness and cramp abate. After the vomiting abates the doses are still to be repeated until 5 or 6 doses are retained by the stomach.

Should quiet sleep or drowsiness come on, it is not to be interfered with.

The free use of cold water or soured water is to be allowed until perspiration sets in and the warmth of the body returns. According to the report, the use of warm liquors, wines, spirits, &c., must be carefully avoided as so much poison.

_Obs._ A bottle of the above remedy was handed to the late Mr Wm. Herapath by the superintendent of the Birmingham police, who had received it from the head of the Austrian police, as being in general use in Austria, under the sanction of the medical department of the government, and being found to act almost as a specific in cholera. In 1831-2 it was first tried on some criminals with perfect success, and soon afterwards with similar results on thousands of the general public. In 1849 the Austrian government ordered its use in the public establishments of the empire, since which not a single case of failure had occurred in which it had been fairly tried.

3. (Mr Buxton's Remedy.) From dilute sulphuric acid (spirit of vitriol), 25 drops; water, 1 fl. oz. For a draught; as the last.

4. (College of Physicians and Board of Health; for Premonitory Diarrha.) Chalk mixture, 1 oz.; aromatic confection, 10 to 15 gr.; tincture of opium, 5 to 15 drops; to be repeated every 3 or 4 hours, or oftener, if required, until the looseness is arrested.

5. (Dr Graves's Astringent Pills.) Acetate of lead, 20 gr.; opium, 1 gr.; conserve of roses, q. s.; for 12 pills.--_Dose._ One every 1/2 hour or hour, at first; then one every two hours.

6. (h.o.m.opathic Preventive.) Camphor, 1 dr.; rectified spirit, 6 dr.; dissolve, and preserve it in a well-corked bottle.--_Dose._ 2 drops on a lump of sugar, sucked as a lozenge two or three times a day.

7. (h.o.m.opathic Remedy.) As the last, repeating the dose every 10 or 15 minutes, followed by draughts of ice-cold water, until the symptoms abate.

8. (Mr Hope's Remedy.) (_a._) Red nitrous acid, 2 dr.; peppermint water or camphor julep, 1 oz.; tincture of opium, 40 drops; mix.--_Dose._ One to two teaspoonfuls in a cupful of thin gruel every 3 or 4 hours.

_b._ Spirit of wine, 1 oz.; spirit lavender, 1/4 oz.; oil of orizinanum, 1/4 oz.; compound tincture benzoin, 1/2 oz.; spirits camphor, 1/4 oz.--_Dose_, 20 drops on moist sugar. To be rubbed outwardly also.

9. (Liverpool Preventive Powders.) Bicarbonate of soda, 20 gr.; ginger, 10 gr.; for a dose. One to be taken in a gla.s.s of water after breakfast and supper daily.

These powders are said to have been used with good effect among the workmen in the mining and manufacturing districts during a former visitation of cholera.

10. (Police Remedy; Mr B. Child's Remedy.) Rectified sulphuric ether and tincture of opium, of each 30 drops; for a dose for an adult; especially during the earlier stages.

11. (Mr Ross's Astringent Pills.) Each pill contains 1 gr. of nitrate of silver, made up with crum of bread, q. s.--_Dose._ One pill, to be repeated after the interval of half an hour or an hour, should the symptoms continue unabated.

12. (Russian Remedy.) Sumbul, in the form of tincture, concentrated essence, in decoction, in cold infusion, and in powder in the form of pill.--_Doses._ Tincture, from 20 to 60 drops; essence, from 5 to 10 or 20 drops; in a little camphor julep or plain water. The physicians of Moscow and St. Petersburg ascribe to the virtues of this drug the saving of thousands of lives during the last epidemic. See SUMBUL.

13. (Dr Stevens' Saline Powders.) Bicarbonate of soda, 1/2 dr.; common salt, 20 gr.; chlorate of pota.s.sa, 7 gr.; for a dose.

14. (Sir M. Tierney's Remedy.) Cajeput oil, in doses of 20 to 30 drops, every two or three hours. The oil excites the nervous system and equalises the circulation. The late Sir M. Tierney and others prescribed it frequently, it is said, with considerable success.

15. (Common Remedies of the Shops.) These generally consist of chalk mixture, with a little laudanum, and some aromatic or carminative, as ca.s.sia, cinnamon, cardamoms, nutmeg, or peppermint. In a few, some astringent, as tincture of catechu, or extract of logwood, is added.

16. (Dr Beaven's Preventative and Remedy.) _The Preventative._--Sulphite of magnesia, 2 dr.; sulphurous acid, 2 oz.; water, 2 oz.; tincture of capsic.u.m, 1/2 oz. Mix and dissolve, a teaspoonful night and morning.