Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 133

=Cement, Park'er's.= This cement is made of the nodules of indurated and slightly ferruginous marl, called by mineralogists "septaria," and also of some other species of argillaceous limestone. These are burnt in conical kilns, with pit coal, in a similar way to other limestone, care being taken to avoid the use of too much heat, as if the pieces undergo the slightest degree of fusion, even on the surface, they will be unfit to form the cement. After being properly roasted the calx is reduced to a very fine powder by grinding, and immediately packed in barrels, to keep it from the air and moisture.

_Uses, &c._ This cement is tempered with water, and applied at once, as it soon hardens, and will not bear being again softened down with water. For foundations and cornices exposed to the weather it is usually mixed with an equal quant.i.ty of clean angular sand; for use as a common mortar, with about twice as much sand; for coating walls exposed to cold and wet, the common proportions are 3 of sand to 2 of cement, and for walls exposed to extreme dryness or heat, about 2-1/2 or 3 of sand to 1 of cement; for facing cistern work, water frontages, &c., nothing but cement and water should be employed. Under the name of compo' or Roman cement it is much employed for facing houses, water cisterns, setting the foundations of large edifices, &c.

=Cement, Pew's.= Quick-lime, 1 part; baked clay, 2 parts (both in powder); mix and calcine; then add gypsum (fresh baked and in fine powder), 1 part, to powdered baked clay, 2 parts; mix well, add the former mixture, and incorporate them well together. Used to cover buildings. It is applied like mortar, and is very hard and durable. See CEMENT, GIBBS,' &c.

=Cement, Plumb'ers'.= Black resin melted with about an equal weight of brick-dust. Some times a little pitch or tallow is added.

=Cement, Port'land.= From clay and chalk, or argillaceous river-mud and chalk or limestone, calcined together, and then ground to powder. See CEMENT, PARKER'S.

=Cement, Ro'man.= Genuine Roman cement consists of puzzolene (a ferruginous clay from Pozzuoli, calcined by the fires of Vesuvius), lime, and sand. The only preparation which the puzzolene undergoes is that of pounding and sifting. It is generally mixed up with water, like most other cements, but occasionally with bullock's blood and oil, to give the composition more tenacity. That used in this country is now generally prepared from the septaria of either Harwich or Sheppy, or of the lias formation, or from the cement stone found in the upper division of the lias formation, or in the shale beds of the Kimmeridge clay. It is also prepared from several artificial mixtures of ferruginous clay and lime, calcined together. It must be kept in close vessels, and mixed with water when used. See CEMENT, PARKER'S and GIBBS'.

=Cement, Seal Engra"vers'.= Resembles plumbers' cement. Used to fix the pieces of metal while cutting, and also to secure seals and tools in their handles. It grows harder and improves every time it is melted.

=Cement, Sin'ger's.= _Prep._ 1. Melt together resin, 5 lbs., and beeswax, 1 lb., and stir in finely-powdered red ochre (highly dried and still warm), 1 lb., and plaster of Paris, 4 oz.; continuing the heat a little above 212 Fahr., and stirring constantly till all frothing ceases.

2. Resin, 6 lbs.; dried red-ochre, 1 lb.; calcined plaster of Paris, 1/2 lb.; linseed oil, 1/4 lb. Used to cement the plates in voltaic troughs, to join chemical vessels, &c. No. 2 is specially applicable to troughs. See CEMENT, ELECTRICAL.

=Cement, Steam-boiler.= _Prep._ Litharge, in fine powder, 2 parts; very fine sand and quick-lime (that has been allowed to slake spontaneously in a damp place), of each 1 part; mix and keep it from the air. Used to mend the cracks in boilers and ovens, and to secure steam joints. It is made into a paste with boiled oil before application.

=Cement, Steam-pipe.= _Prep._ Good linseed oil varnish is ground with equal weights of white lead, oxide of manganese, and pipeclay.

=Cement, Stucco.= This is a compound of powdered gypsum or strong gelatin.

It is used for coating walls, and also for ornamenting ceilings. It takes a high polish, and coloured designs can be painted on it. When employed on walls a coa.r.s.er kind is first laid on, which is followed by a coating made of choicer specimens of gypsum, or glue, or isingla.s.s. When this latter and outer coat becomes dry it is polished with pumice, tripoli, and linen.

The colour is incorporated with the outer coatings of the stucco by mixing the metallic pigments with it, and then applying it to the wall, after which a very thin coating of gypsum and isingla.s.s, or sometimes of oil, is given to it, and when the whole is partially dried the tint is brought out by polishing, as before stated. Generally the finest effect is obtained by oil.

=Cement, Transpar'ent.= See CEMENT, ELASTIC.

=Cement, Turn'ers'.= _Prep._ Beeswax, 1 oz.; resin, 1/2 oz.; pitch, 1/2 oz.; melt, and stir in fine brickdust, q. s.

=Cement, Univers'al.= See CEMENT, PARABOLIC.

=Cement, Var'ley's.= _Syn._ VARLEY'S MASTIC. Black resin, 16 parts; beeswax, 1 part; melt, add whiting (sifted, dried by a dull-red heat, and allowed to cool), 16 parts; and stir until nearly cold.

=Cement, Water.= _Prep._ 1. From good grey clay, 4 parts; black oxide of manganese, 6 parts; limestone (reduced to powder by sprinkling it with water), 90 parts; mix, calcine, and powder.

2. Mix white iron ore (manganese iron ore), 15 parts, with lime, 85 parts; calcine and powder as above. Both this and the preceding must be mixed up with a little sand for use. A piece thrown into water rapidly hardens.

3. Fine clean sand, 1 cwt.; quick-lime, in powder, 28 lbs.; bone ashes, 14 lbs. The above are beat up with water for use. See CEMENT, HYDRAULIC, &c.

=Cement, Watergla.s.s.= For gla.s.s, earthenware, porcelain, and all kinds of stoneware, these cements are excellent. A cement for gla.s.s and marble is prepared by rubbing together one part of fine pulverised gla.s.s, and two parts of pulverised fluorspar, and then adding enough watergla.s.s solution to give it the consistency necessary in a cement.

Watergla.s.s mixed with hydraulic cement to a thick dough makes a good cement for the edges and joints of stone and marble slabs. It is well to mix but little at a time, as it hardens very quickly. ('Journal of Applied Chemistry.')

=Cement, Wa'terproof.= Several compounds of this cla.s.s have been already noticed. The celebrated "waterproof cement of Dihl" consists of porcelain clay or pipeclay, dried by a gentle heat, and powdered, mixed up to the consistence of a paste with boiled linseed oil, and, sometimes, a little oil of turpentine. It is coloured by adding a little red or yellow ochre, or any similar pigment. It is used to cover the fronts of buildings, roofs of verandahs, &c.

_Concluding Remarks._ For mending broken CHINA, EARTHENWARE, GLa.s.s, and WOOD, the preparations generally used are the cements described above as ARMENIAN, BOTANY BAY, CHEESE, CHINESE, CURD, EGG, EXTEMPORANEOUS, GLa.s.s, GLUE, HENSLER'S, HNLE'S, MAHOGANY, and PARABOLIC. For SPAR, MARBLE, and similar materials, the ALABASTER CEMENT is specially adapted; the EGG and PARABOLIC CEMENTS will, however, answer the same purpose. For CLOTH, LEATHER, PAPER, CARD, and LIGHT FANCY WORK, the most suitable cements are the ELASTIC, CHINESE, FLOUR, FRENCH, and j.a.pANESE. The cements adapted for CHEMICAL and ELECTRICAL APPARATUS, and for SEALING BOTTLES, are also termed BOTTLE, BRIMSTONE, CAP, CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, LABORATORY, MAISSIAT'S, and VARLEY'S. The BUILDING and HYDRAULIC CEMENTS are described under the heads ARCHITECTURAL, BEALE'S, BRUYERE'S, FIREPROOF, GAD'S, GIBBS', HAMELIN'S, HYDRAULIC, KEENE'S, OXYCHLORIDE, PARKER'S, PEW'S, PORTLAND, ROMAN, WATER, and WATERPROOF. The cements used for METAL-WORK, &c., in different trades, are noticed under the heads COPPERSMITHS', CUTLERS', ENGINEERS', GRINDERS', IRON, LETTER-FIXING, OPTICIANS', PLUMBERS', SEAL-ENGRAVERS', STEAM-BOILER, STEAM-PIPE, and TURNER'S. See GLUE, LUTE, MORTAR, TOOTH-CEMENT, &c.

=CEMENTA'TION.= The process of imbedding a substance in, or covering it with, some powder or composition capable of acting on it when heated, and in this state exposing it to a red heat. Iron is converted into steel, and gla.s.s into Reaumur's porcelain, by cementation.

=CEN'TAURIN.= _Syn._ CENTAURIN'A. The bitter extractive matter of _Erythaea centaurium_, or common centaury. Combined with hydrochloric acid, it has been highly recommended as a febrifuge.

=CER'ASIN.= _Syn._ PRUN'INE. The insoluble portion of cherry-tree gum. It is identical with ba.s.sorin. Dr John applies the term to all those gums which, like tragacanth, swell, but do not dissolve in water. See Ba.s.sORIN.

=CE'RATE.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM, L. A thick species of ointment containing wax.

Cerates are intermediate in consistence between ointments and plasters; but are less frequently employed than either of those preparations. The medicinal ingredients which enter into the cerates are very numerous; indeed, almost every kind of medicine capable of exercising a topical effect may be prescribed in this form.

It is a general custom with the druggists to use a less quant.i.ty of wax for their cerates than that which is necessary to give them a proper consistence, and in many cases it is omitted altogether, and its place supplied by hard suet, or stearine, and frequently by common resin. Lard is also very generally subst.i.tuted for olive oil. Indeed, in no cla.s.s of pharmaceutical preparations are the instructions of pract.i.tioners and the colleges more commonly disregarded. The operation of melting the ingredients should be performed in a water bath or steam bath, and the liquid ma.s.s should be a.s.siduously stirred until cold.

All the medicated cerates may be prepared by adding the active ingredients, in the form of fine powder, soft extract, solution, &c., as the case may be, to either simple cerate or spermaceti cerate, in the proportions indicated under the head of "Doses" appended to every article of importance noticed in this work. The mixture, which must be complete, may be effected by working the articles together on a marble or gla.s.s slab or tile, or, still better, by trituration in a clean wedgwood mortar. In some cases the simple cerate is melted by a gentle heat, and the whole stirred or triturated until nearly solid; in others, digestion with heat is employed.

=Cerate.= _Syn._ SIM'PLE CERATE, SIMPLE DRES'SING; CERATUM (Ph. L.), C.

SIM'PLEX (Ph. L. 1824). _Prep._ (Ph. L.) Yellow wax, 20 oz.; melt by a gentle heat; add olive oil, 1 pint; and stir until it begins to solidify.

Used as a simple emollient dressing. The corresponding preparations of the other colleges will be found noticed under OINTMENTS. The _ceratum simplex_ of the Ph. E. is SPERMACETI CERATE.

=Cerate, Ac'etate of Lead.= _Syn._ CE'RATE OF SUGAR OF LEAD; CERA'TUM PLUM'BI ACETA'TIS (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ (Ph. L.) White wax, 5 oz.; olive oil, 18 fl. oz.; melt together; add, acetate of lead (in fine powder), 5 dr., previously triturated with olive oil, 2 fl. oz., and stir till they unite (begin to solidify). Used as a cooling dressing to burns, excoriations, and inflamed sores.

=Cerate, Ammoni'acal.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM AMMONIACA'LE, L. _Prep._ (Rechoux.) Simple cerate, 1 oz.; carbonate of ammonia, 1 dr.; mix. As a counter-irritant in croup, &c.

=Cerate, a.r.s.en'ical.= _Syn._ CER'ATUM a.r.s.eN'ICI, C. A'CIDI a.r.s.eNIO'SI, L.

_Prep._ 1. (Ph. U. S.) a.r.s.enious acid (in very fine powder), 20 gr.; simple cerate, 1 oz.

2. (Sir A. Cooper.) a.r.s.enious acid and sublimed sulphur, of each 1 dr.; spermaceti cerate, 1 oz. The above ingredients must be very carefully triturated together. The first is used as a dressing to cancerous sores; the second is applied on lint as a caustic in like cases.

=Cerate, Belladonn'a.= _Syn._ CERATE OF DEADLY NIGHTSHADE; CERA'TUM BELLADONN'ae, L. _Prep._ 1. (W. Cooley.) Extract of belladonna, 3 dr.; simple cerate, 1 oz.; olive oil, 1 dr.; triturate together in a warm mortar, until nearly cold. Used in frictions to indolent tumours.

2. (Compound; C. B. COMPOS'ITUM, L.) _Prep._ (W. Cooley.) Belladonna cerate, 1 oz.; iodide of gold, 12 gr.; carefully triturated together. Used as a friction to scrofulous and syphilitic tumours, and to remove syphilitic and rheumatic pains. A most active and excellent preparation.

=Cerate, Brown.= See PLASTERS.

=Cerate, Caca'o.= _Syn._ CACA'O POMMADE. _Prep._ b.u.t.ter of cacao, white wax, and oil of almonds, equal parts, melted together and strained. Used as a cosmetic for chapped hands and lips, &c.

=Cerate, Cal'amine.= _Syn._ TURNER'S CERATE, HEALING SALVE; CERATUM CALAMI'Nae (Ph. L. & E.), C. LA'PIS CALAMINA'RIS (Ph. L. 1788), L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. L.) Yellow wax, 7-1/2 oz.; olive oil, 1 pint; melt together, remove the vessel from the fire, and when they first begin to thicken, add prepared calamine, 7-1/2 oz., and stir constantly until they cool.

2. (P. E.) Prepared calamine, 1 part; simple cerate (Ph. E.), 5 parts; mix.

3. (Ph. D.) See OINTMENT.

4. (Commercial.) Hard suet, 5 lbs.; lard, 3 lbs.; melt and sift in, gradually, calamine, 4 lbs.; agitate well for a few minutes, or until the whole is perfectly mixed, and after one minute's repose pour it off into another vessel, the coa.r.s.e sediment that has fallen to the bottom being carefully avoided; lastly, stir a.s.siduously, until it is nearly cold. This forms the TURNER'S CERATE of the wholesale druggists. In many cases nothing but lard and calamine are used.

_Uses, &c._ When honestly prepared with genuine calamine, it is a most valuable desiccant and astringent application to excoriations, ulcers, burns, scalds, sore nipples, &c. It has long been held in popular esteem as a drying and healing dressing for sores.

=Cerate, Cal'amine with Mercury.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CALAMI'Nae c.u.m HYDRAR'GYRO, L. _Prep._ (Ph. Chirur.) Calamine cerate, 1 lb.; red oxide of mercury, 1 oz.; mix. Used as a stimulant application to foul and indolent ulcers, psorophthalmia, &c.

=Cerate, Cal'omel.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CALOMELA'NOS, C. HYDRAR'GYRI CHLOR'IDI, L. _Prep._ 1. Calomel, 1 dr.; spermaceti cerate, 7 dr. In herpes, and some other skin diseases.

2. (Compound; C. C. COMPOS'ITUM, L.) Calomel, 2 dr.; calamine cerate, 1 oz.; olive oil, 1 dr.

=Cerate, Cam'phor.= _Syn._ CERA'TUM CAMPHORA'TUM, C. CAMPHOR'ae, L.; POMMADE DU FReRE COSME, Fr. _Prep._ Olive oil, 1 lb.; white wax, 1/2 lb.; camphor, 3 dr. As an application to chaps, chilblains, abrasions, excoriations, and slight wounds. See b.a.l.l.s, CAMPHOR.