Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 121

=Calcium, Bibasic Phosphate.= Ca_{2}H_{2}P_{2}O_{8} + 3H_{2}O. Dissolve 608 grams of crystallised calcium chloride in 1000 grams of distilled water, and add gradually to this solution 1000 grams of sodium phosphate, dissolved in 10,000 grams of water. Allow the precipitate to deposit, and wash it five or six times with 10 litres of water each time; drain the precipitate on a moistened cloth. As soon as its consistence permits, detach from it irregular pieces, and place them to dry in the open air upon filtering paper; the spontaneous desiccation is sufficiently rapid.

From 'Formulae for New Medicaments adopted by the Paris Pharmaceutical Society.'

=Calcium, Bro'mide of.= CaBr_{2}. _Syn._ CAL'CII BROMI'DUM, L. _Prep._ (Magendie.) To a solution of bromide of iron add hydrate of calcium in slight excess; filter, evaporate to dryness, redissolve in water, and again filter, and evaporate.

=Calcium, Carbonate of.= See CHALK.

=Calcium, Chlo"ride of.= CaCl_{2}. _Syn._ CAL'CII CHLORI'DUM (B. P.).

_Prep._ Hydrochloric acid and water, of each 10 fl. oz.; chalk, 5 oz.; evaporate the solution until the salt becomes solid, and dry the residue at about 400 F.

It is obtained in solution as a residuum in making several preparations of ammonia, as the liquor and carbonate, and in making carbonic acid by the action of hydrochloric acid on marble. The residuum is concentrated and set aside to crystallise, or evaporated to dryness.

_Prop., Uses, &c._ This salt crystallises in colourless, striated, hexagonal prisms, terminated by very acute points. It is very soluble in alcohol and water, the latter even at 32 dissolving more than its own weight, and at 60 three or four times its weight of this salt. When heated, the crystals undergo watery fusion. When dissolved in water, they produce great cold; and hence are frequently employed as an ingredient in FREEZING MIXTURES. These crystals contain nearly half their weight of water. They are very deliquescent, pa.s.sing readily into the liquid state, and forming what used to be called oleum calcis, or oil of lime. The anhydrous chloride is hard and friable; slightly translucent; totally and readily soluble in water, and, like the crystallised salt, very deliquescent. In the laboratory chloride of calcium, either fused or merely dried, is continually used for drying gases and for absorbing the water from ethereal and oily liquids in organic a.n.a.lysis. The unfused is now generally preferred for this purpose, as it is more porous than the fused. The salt is also used in the rectification of alcohol, and to form a bath for heating stoneware stills and other apparatus liable to be cracked on the sand bath. As a chemical reagent it is employed chiefly in detecting certain organic acids. As a medicine it has been given in some scrofulous and glandular diseases. _Dose_, 10 to 20 gr. See SOLUTIONS.

=Calcium, Flu'oride of.= CaF_{2}. _Syn._ HYDROFLU'ORATE OF LIME. This occurs native as the mineral called fluor-spar. It is found in beautiful crystals in the lead mines of Alston Moor and Derbyshire, and in the concretionary crystalline ma.s.ses known as Blue John or Derbyshire spar at Castleton. It may be prepared by the action of hydrofluoric acid upon lime, as directed under BARIUM, FLUORIDE OF.

=Calcium Hypophosphite.= CaP_{2}H_{4}O_{4}. Mix milk of lime (1 in 5) in porcelain capsule placed in a sand bath, with half its weight of phosphorus in small pieces, and heat it to ebullition, operating in the open air or under a chimney with a good draught. Spontaneously inflammable phosphuretted hydrogen is given off, the vapour of which should be avoided. Add from time to time a little warm water, to replace that which has evaporated. Discontinue the heat when the phosphorus has disappeared--that is, when inflammable bubbles cease to be produced. If the phosphorus remain in excess, add more milk of lime, and continue the heat until the complete disappearance of the metalloid. Allow the liquor to cool and then filter; then saturate it with a current of carbonic acid gas to eliminate any excess of lime remaining uncombined. Filter again, and concentrate the liquor in a water bath to dryness, keeping the temperature below 100 C., to avoid detonations. Preserve the salt from the air in well-closed bottles.

From 'Formulae for New Medicaments adopted by the Paris Pharmaceutical Society.'

=Calcium, I'odide of.= CaI_{2}. _Syn._ HYDRI'ODATE OF LIME; CAL'CII IODI'DUM, CALCIS HYDRIO'DAS, L. _Prep._ 1. (Magendie.) From a solution of protiodide of iron and hydrate of calcium, as directed under iodide of barium.

2. Dissolve lime or carbonate of lime in hydriodic acid.

_Prop., Uses, &c._ It is a deliquescent salt, easily soluble in water, and has a bitterish taste. It has been used in scrofulous affections, internally, in doses ranging from 1/8 to 2 gr., thrice daily, and externally in ointments containing 2 dr. or less to the oz.

=Calcium, Lactophosphate.= This product ought not to be employed except in the state of solution in water or in syrup. In the pasty or solid state its solubility varies, and it is always an indefinite compound.

_Solution._ Bibasic phosphate of lime, 17 grams; concentrated lactic acid, as little as possible; distilled water, 964 grams. Suspend the phosphate carefully in the distilled water, add the lactic acid, allow solution to go on for some minutes, and filter.

From 'Formulae for New Medicaments adopted by the Paris Pharmaceutical Society.'

=Calcium, Oxide of.= See LIME.

=Calcium, Phosphate of.= _Syn._ CALCIS PHOSPHAS (Ph. B.). Digest bone-ash, 4 _oz._, in hydrochloric acid, 6 _fl. oz._, diluted with a pint of water, until it is dissolved.

Filter the solution, if necessary; add water, 1 pint, and afterwards solution of ammonia (Ph. B.), 12 _fl. oz._, or a sufficient quant.i.ty, until the mixture acquires an alkaline reaction, and having collected the precipitate on a calico filter, wash it with boiling distilled water as long as the liquid which pa.s.ses through occasions a precipitate when dropped into solution of nitrate of silver acidulated with nitric acid.

Dry the washed product at a temperature not exceeding 212 F.

=Calcium, Phos'phide of.= _Syn._ PHOSPHU'RET OF LIME; CAL'CII PHOSPHURE'TUM, C. PHOSPHI'DUM, L. _Prep._ By pa.s.sing the vapour of phosphorus over lime (in small fragments) heated to redness in a porcelain tube. A brownish substance, supposed to be a mere mechanical mixture of phosphide and phosphate of calcium. Thrown into water, it suffers instant decomposition, and phosphuretted hydrogen gas escapes.

=Calcium, Sulphides of.= Calcium forms with sulphur at least three different compounds:--

=1. Calcium, Protosul'phide of.= CaS. _Prep._--_a._ From sulphate of lime, exposed at a high temperature to a stream of hydrogen gas.--_b._ From dried gypsum, 25 parts; lampblack or finely powdered charcoal, 4 parts; calcined together at a strong heat in a covered crucible.

=2. Calcium, Bisulphide of.= CaS_{2}. _Prep._ From sulphur and quick-lime, equal parts; water, q. s.; slake the lime, add the sulphur, and boil until a solution is obtained, which on cooling deposits crystals.

=3. Calcium, Pentasulphide of.= CaS_{5}. _Prep._ As the last, but increasing the quant.i.ty of sulphur, and continuing the boiling for a longer period. Little is known about it.

=4. Calcium, Sulphate of.= See GYPSUM.

=5. Calcium, Commercial Sulphuret of.= _Syn._ COMMERCIAL SULPHIDE OF CALCIUM. _Prep._--_a._ As 1, _b_ (_above_).

_b._ Sulphur, 1 part; hydrate of lime, 3 parts; water, 2-1/2 pints; boil it until it solidifies on cooling, then pour it out on a cold marble slab, and when solid break it into pieces and preserve it in a well-corked bottle.

_c._ (Guibourt.) Quick-lime, 7 parts; sulphur, 4 parts; mix, and heat the compound for about 2 hours in a covered crucible.

_d._ (Cottereau.) Quick-lime, 2 parts; sulphur, 1 part; water, 5 parts; as 4, _b_ (_above_).

_Obs._ The precise composition of the last three preparations is uncertain. They are acrid, caustic, stimulant, and diaph.o.r.etic. _Dose_, 1 to 3 gr. Sulphide of calcium has been used as a depilatory by applying it made into a paste with water, and washing it off in about 1/4 of an hour.

Made into an embrocation, it has been strongly recommended in gout, scabies, &c. Its solution yields pure sulphur on the addition of hydrochloric acid.

=CALCULA'TIONS= (Useful). 1. To find the Value of a Dozen Articles. Take the price in pence as shillings, and if there are any farthings in the price, add threepence for each. Thus 2s. 8d., or 32 pence per yard, is 1 12s. per dozen.

2. To find the Value of One Hundred Articles. For every farthing take as many pence and twice as many shillings. Thus, 1-1/4d. each is--5d., and 10s. = 10s. 5d. per hundred.

3. To find the Value of a Pound at any price per Ounce. Take the price in farthings as shillings, and divide by three. Thus, 5-1/4d. per ounce is 21 farthings; taken as shillings, 21 3 = 7s. per pound.

4. To find the Value of an Ounce at any price per Pound. Take the shillings as farthings, and multiply by three. Thus, at 6s.--6 3 = 18 farthings, or 4-1/2d. per ounce.

_Obs._ By reversing Nos. 1 and 2, the price of a single article or pound may be found from the price per dozen or hundred. For several other calculations, useful in domestic economy, chemistry, &c., see BREWING, DECIMALS, EQUIVALENTS, MEASURES, PER-CENTAGE, WEIGHTS.

=CAL'CULUS.= _Syn._ STONE. In _medicine_, a hard concretion formed within the animal body by the deposition of matters which usually remain in solution. The concretions most commonly found are those formed in the kidneys or bladder, and termed urinary calculi, and those formed in the gall-bladder or biliary ducts, which are called biliary calculi. Urinary calculi are in most cases composed of substances which are const.i.tuents of healthy urine, such as uric acid, urate of ammonia, and the phosphates of lime and magnesia; they are, however, sometimes composed of substances which are met with in unhealthy urine, such as oxalate of lime, cystine, &c.

Biliary calculi, or gall-stones, usually contain from 50 to 80 per cent.

of cholesterin, a crystallisable fatty body, const.i.tuting a never failing ingredient in healthy bile, the rest of the concretion being made up of biliary resin and colouring matter, with a small quant.i.ty of inorganic salts.

Calculus or stone in the bladder, which is a prevalent disease in Norfolk, both among men and sheep, has been attributed to the use of the hard water of the district.

Both of these give rise to very painful symptoms, and may even threaten life. See CHOLESTERIN.

=CALEFACIENTS.= Applications that excite warmth.

=CAL'ENDAR.= _Syn._ CALENDA'RIUM, L.; CALEN'DRIER, Fr. A table of all the days of the year, arranged in the order of days and weeks, to which are generally added certain astronomical indications and dates of great civil and religious events. The most remarkable calendars are the Hebrew calendar, the calendar of the Greeks, the Roman, or Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar (now adopted by all Christian peoples except the Greeks and Russians), and the French Republican calendar, which, having remained in force about thirteen years, was abolished by Napoleon I on the 1st of January, 1806.

=Calendar, Perpet'ual.= A table which furnishes the general indications necessary to construct a calendar for any year, and to resolve, without error, many difficulties connected with the verification of dates.

=CAL'ENDERING.= The process of finishing by pressure the surface of linen or cotton goods. It is usually performed by pa.s.sing the fabric between cylinders pressed together with great force. It is necessary that one of the cylinders, at least, shall be of a material combining considerable hardness with a slight degree of elasticity; for this purpose the paper cylinder is used. It is made by forcibly compressing a number of circular discs of thick pasteboard, each with a square hole in the centre, upon an iron axis, so as to form a solid cylinder, which is turned perfectly smooth and true in a lathe. The paper cylinder usually works against a hollow roller of copper or iron, heated by steam or metallic heaters.

Before the final rolling in the calendering machine the fabric is lightly smoothed by pa.s.sing over warm cylinders. Cotton goods are starched, and a fict.i.tious appearance of stoutness is sometimes given to them by employing starch thickened with plaster of Paris, porcelain clay, or a mixture of these. Watering is a beautiful effect, produced by means of a hot cylinder with a pattern raised upon it. Glazing is produced by combined rubbing and pressure, the rollers being made to move with unequal velocities, so that one side of the fabric is rubbed as well as pressed by the roller whose surface moves with the greater speed. A copper cylinder is preferred for glazing, and is made so hot that if the machine stops it burns the goods.

The old method of glazing consisted in burnishing the surface of the fabric with a polished flint.

=CAL'ICO.= See COTTON.

=Cal'ico Printing.= The art of producing figured patterns upon calico by means of dyes and mordants topically applied by wooden blocks, copper plates, or engraved cylinders. The goods are either directly printed in colour, or receive their patterns by being run through a colouring matter or mordant, when the dye is only produced upon that portion of the ground previously prepared for it. Of late this system of dyeing has been extended to silk and woollens.

The mordants are thickened with some glutinous substance, as flour, starch, or gum, to render them adhesive and to prevent their spreading.

The following are the princ.i.p.al styles of calico-printing, each requiring a different method of manipulation:--