Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 114

7. Boil fustic-chips, 1 lb., for 2 hours; pa.s.s the cloth through the bath for 1 hour; take it out and drain; add of green copperas, 1-1/4 oz.; good madder, 4 oz.; boil for a short time, and again pa.s.s the cloth through the bath, until it acquires the proper tint. BRONZE-BROWNS, and every similar shade, may be thus given by varying the proportions.

_e._ The following are called SUB'STANTIVE or DIRECT BROWNS:--

1. Decoction of oak-bark. It dyes wool of a fast brown of various shades, according to the quant.i.ty employed. A mordant of alum brightens it.

2. Infusion or decoction of walnut-peels. Dyes wool and silk a brown, which is brightened by alum.

3. Horse-chestnut-peels. A mordant of chloride of tin turns it on the BRONZE; and sugar of lead, on the REDDISH-BROWN.

4. Catechu or Terra j.a.ponica. For cottons. Blue vitriol turns it on the BRONZE, and green copperas darkens it, when applied as mordants. Acetate of alumina as a mordant brightens it. The French colour, CARMELITE, is given with 1 lb. of catechu, 4 oz. of verdigris, and 5 oz. of sal-ammoniac.

5. Sulphate or chloride of manganese. Dissolved in water with a little tartaric acid, it gives the bronze tint called SOLITAIRE. The stuff, after being pa.s.sed through the solution, is turned through a weak lye of potash, and afterwards through another of chloride of lime, to heighten and fix it.

6. Prussiate of copper. This gives a fine BRONZE or YELLOWISH-BROWN to silk. A mordant of blue vitriol is commonly first given, followed by a bath of prussiate of potash.

=BROWN PIG'MENTS.= The princ.i.p.al and most useful of these are--umber, terra di Sienna (both burnt and raw), Spanish brown, and some of the ochres. Brown, of almost any shade, may be made by the admixture of blacks with reds and yellows, or with greens, in different proportions. See BISTRE, BLACK, NEWCASTLE,[233] OCHRES, SEPIA, &c.

[Footnote 233: Under BLACK PIGMENTS.]

=Brown, Span'ish.= See OCHRES.

=BROWN PINK.= See YELLOW PIGMENTS.

=BROWN'ING.= In _cookery_, a fluid preparation used to colour and flavour gravies, soups, &c.

_Prep._ 1. Sugar, 4 oz.; and b.u.t.ter, 1 oz.; are melted in a frying-pan or ladle with about a tablespoonful of water, and the heat is continued until the whole has turned of a deep brown; the heat is then lowered a little, and some port wine (about 1 pint) is gradually poured in; the pan is now removed from the fire, and the mixture well stirred until the roasted sugar is entirely dissolved; it is then put into a bottle, and 1/2 oz.

each of bruised pimento and black pepper, 5 or 6 shalots (cut small), a little mace and finely grated lemon peel, and 1/4 pint of mushroom catsup, added. The bottle is shaken daily for a week, and the clear liquid, after 5 or 6 days' repose, decanted into another bottle. Rich flavoured, but expensive.

2. As the last, but using strong beer, or water, instead of wine. A gla.s.sful of spirit may be added after bottling it.

3. Sugar-colouring, 1 pint; salt, 1/4 lb.; mushroom-catsup, 1/2 pint; spice, q. s. Excellent for all ordinary purposes.

4. Lump sugar (powdered), 2-1/2 lbs.; salad oil, 1/2 lb.; heat as before; then add, of port wine, 1 quart; Cape wine, 3 quarts; shalots, 6 oz.; mixed spice, 4 oz.; black pepper, 3 oz.; mace, 1 oz; salt, 1 lb.; lemon juice, 1 pint; catsup, 1 quart; mix well.

5. Good spirit-colouring or sugar-colouring and mushroom catsup, of each 1 gall.; Jamaica pepper, black pepper, and shalots, of each 4 oz; cloves, ca.s.sia, and mace, bruised, of each 3/4 oz.; boil in a covered vessel for 5 minutes; digest for 14 days, and strain.

6. Colouring, 3 pints; mushroom catsup, 1 pint; common salt, 3/4 lb.; Chili vinegar (strongest), 1/2 pint; spice, q. s. Half a pint of British brandy or rum may be added.

_Obs._ The above are excellent additions to gravies, soups, &c.; and of themselves form most admirable sauces for fish, meat, and game.

=Browning= (for Gun-barrels). _Prep._ The following are current formulae:--

1. Blue vitriol, 4 oz.; tincture of chloride of iron, 2 oz.; water, 1 quart; dissolve, and add aquafortis and sweet spirit of nitre, of each 1 oz.

2. Blue vitriol and sweet spirit of nitre, of each 1 oz.; aquafortis, 1/2 oz.; water, 1 pint; as last.

3. b.u.t.ter of antimony and sweet oil, equal parts; well shaken together. To be applied to the iron previously warmed.

_Obs._ The above fluids are rubbed on the barrel (previously well polished and cleaned off with whiting to remove the oil), and allowed to remain on for some hours, or until the next day, when they are rubbed off with a stiff brush. The process may be repeated, if necessary. The barrel is next washed in water in which a little pearlash or soda has been dissolved, and afterwards well rinsed in clean water; it is then polished, either with the burnisher, or with a brush and beeswax. Sometimes a coat of tough sh.e.l.l-lac varnish is applied.

=BRUCEA= (-sh'a). False cusparia (which _see_).

=BRUCHBALSAM--RUPTURE BALSAM= (Dr Tanzer).--No. 1. Compound rosemary cerate, nutmeg cerate, red Johannis oil, yellow wax, of each 1 part; fat, 5 parts. No. 2. Mixture of nutmeg cerate, 50 parts; tallow, b.u.t.ter, of each 10 parts, melted and mixed with 25 parts strongest liquor pota.s.sae.

No. 3. Compound rosemary cerate, oil of bayberries, of each 2 parts; nutmeg cerate, 4 parts; red Johannis oil, 6 parts; yellow wax, 3 parts; tincture of myrrh and tincture of aloes, of each 1/2 part; tr. opii, 1/4 part, melted and heated until the spirit has evaporated. (Hager.)

=BRUCHPFLASTER--RUPTURE PLASTER= (Krusi Altherr). A spread plaster, the ma.s.s consisting of 5 parts Bergundy pitch and 2 parts turpentine. (Walz and Hager.)

=Bruchpflaster--Rupture Plaster= (Caspar Menet). Machine-made paper covered with thin gauze, and thinly spread with a ma.s.s of 9 parts wax, 3 parts turpentine, and 1 part elemi. (Hager.)

=BRUCHSALBE--RUPTURE CERATE= (Gottlieb Sturzenegger, Herisau, Canton Appenzell). A mixture of 50 parts fat and 1 part oil of bayberries.

(Hager.)

=BRUCHE=, ruptures cured without medicine, operation, or pain, by Lavedan, chemist. A pelotte containing in it zinc and copper plate on which a solution of the "poudre electrochimique" (common salt) is dropped.

(Hager.)

=BRU'CIA.= C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4}. Aq. [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ BRU'CINE; BRU'CINA, L. An alkaloid discovered by Pelletier and Caventou, in the bark of _bru'cia antidysenter'ica_, and afterwards a.s.sociated with strychnia, in _nux vomica_.

_Prep._ Ground nux vomica, or the bark of brucia antidysenterica, is boiled in dilute sulphuric acid, and the resulting decoction mixed with hydrate of lime (in excess); the crude precipitate thus obtained is boiled in alcohol (sp. gr. 850), and the tincture filtered whilst hot. A mixture of crude strychnia and brucia is deposited as the fluid cools, and the remainder is obtained by evaporation. This is powdered and digested in cold alcohol, which dissolves out the brucia; the solution furnishes crystals on spontaneous evaporation. It may be further purified by recrystallisation from alcohol.

_Prop._ Soluble in 850 parts of cold, and about 500 parts of hot water; freely soluble in alcohol; added to the dilute acids until they are neutralised, it forms crystallisable salts, easily obtained by evaporation.

_Tests._ It is distinguished from strychnia, which in many respects it resembles, by its ready solubility in both dilute and absolute alcohol, and its insolubility in ether. With nitric acid it strikes a fine red colour, which is removed by sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid.

Iodic acid, chloric acid, and chlorine, also turn it red.

Professor Sonnenschein has succeeded in converting brucia into strychnia. He says--"Brucia C_{23}H_{26}N_{2}O_{4} and Strychnia C_{21}H_{22}N_{2}O_{2} differ apparently considerably in their composition; but the former may easily be converted into the latter.

Referring to the formulae it will be seen that strychnia is produced by combining brucia with 4O, and eliminating 2H_{2}O_{1} and 2CO_{2}. This is effected as follows:--Brucia is moderately heated with 4 to 5 times its weight of diluted nitric acid, when a red colouration will be produced and gases evolved, which cause in a mixture of barium chloride and ammonia a white precipitate of carbonate of barium.

The red solution is concentrated in a water-bath, super-saturated with pota.s.sa, and agitated with ether, which, on spontaneous evaporation, leaves a reddish ma.s.s, containing a red colouring matter, a yellowish resin, and an alkaloid which is obtained pure by dissolving in an acid and crystallising. This base has the intensity, bitter taste, and other properties of strychnia, gives the characteristic reactions with pota.s.sium chromate, cerium oxide, and sulphuric acid, and yields with chlorine the sparingly soluble compound. The muriate crystallises in fine silky needles, from which 920 per cent. of chlorine was obtained.

The conversion of brucia into strychnia is not only highly interesting, but it is likewise of great importance in forensic a.n.a.lysis, proving again that in such cases the employment of oxidising agents is admissible only with great caution. A student who had received for a.n.a.lysis a mixture containing, among other substances, brucia and nitrate of lead, employed the process of Stas and Otto for the separation of the alkaloids, and found strychnia instead of brucia which had been oxidised by the liberated nitric acid.

"If strychnia is heated with a strong base like pota.s.sa, soda, or baryta, for some time, in a sealed gla.s.s tube placed in a water-bath, a body is obtained which no longer shows the reactions of strychnia, but resembles brucia in its reactions. The experiments on this decomposition, which is likewise of importance in forensic a.n.a.lysis, are not yet concluded."

=BRUISE= (brooze). _Syn._ CONTU'SIO, CONTU'SUM, L.; CONTUSION, MEURTRISSURE, Fr.; BRAUSCHE, QUETSCHUNG, &c., Ger. A contusion; but in popular language applied chiefly to cases in which there is an extravasation of blood owing to the rupture of the minute vessels, with consequent discoloration or tumefaction of the part.

_Treatment._--In common cases, sufficiently serious, bruises may be rubbed with a little opodeldoc or soap-liniment; or, if the inflammation be considerable, they may be bathed with a little weak goulard water, or with vinegar and water. In more severe cases leeches may be applied. See CONTUSION.

_Treatment for Animals._--The same as for man.

=BRUNS'WICK BLACK.= See VARNISHES.

=BRUNS'WICK GREEN.= See GREEN PIGMENTS.

=BRUSHES.= Brushes may be best washed in a moderately cold weak solution of borax. They should afterwards be rinsed in cold water and dried.

=BRUSTBONBONS--PECTORAL BONBONS= (Fr., Stollwerck, Cologne). Carageen, 3 parts; Iceland moss, 2 parts; red poppy petals, 1-1/2 parts; coltsfoot, 1 part; liquorice, 2 parts; marshmallow root, 2 parts; daisy (_Bellis perennis_), 1-1/2 parts; Souchong tea, 1 part; boiled with 24 parts of water till reduced to half, and the fluid afterwards mixed with refined sugar.

=BRUSTGELEE--PECTORAL JELLY= (Daubitz, Berlin). A yellowish-brown nearly clear jelly, with a sweet, weak anise, followed by a somewhat bitter taste, made of gelatin, 12 grammes; sugar, 60 grammes; and a herbal infusion, 120 grammes; the latter made from anise, star-anise, Iceland moss, &c.