Complexity - A Guided Tour Part 24

"life exists at the edge of chaos": Ibid, p. 26.

"Most biologists, heritors of the Darwinian tradition": Ibid, p. 25.

"a 'candidate fourth law of thermodynamics'": Kauffman, S. J., Investigations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 3.

"Kauffman's book: The Origins of Order": Kauffman, S. A., The Origins of Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

"a fundamental reinterpretation of the place of selection": Burian, R. M. and Richardson, R. C., Form and order in evolutionary biology: Stuart Kauffman's transformation of theoretical biology. In PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science a.s.sociation, Vol. 2: Symposia and Invited Papers, 1990, pp. 267287.

"His approach opens up new vistas": Ibid.

"the first serious attempt to model a complete biology": Bak, P., How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality. New York: Springer, 1996.

"dangerously seductive": Dover, G. A., On the edge. Nature, 365, 1993, pp. 704706.

"There are times when the bracing walk through hypers.p.a.ce": Ibid.

"noise has a significant effect on the behavior of RBNs": E.g., see Goodrich, C. S. and Matache, M. T., The stabilizing effect of noise on the dynamics of a Boolean network. Physica A, 379(1), 2007, pp. 334356.

"It has essentially become a matter of social responsibility": Hoelzer, G. A., Smith, E., and Pepper, J. W., On the logical relationship between natural selection and self-organization. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 19 (6), 2007, pp. 17851794.

"Evolutionary biologist Dan McShea has given me a useful way to think about these various issues": D. W. McShea, personal communication.

"Evolutionary biology is in a state of intellectual chaos": D. W. McShea, personal communication.

Part V

"I will put Chaos into fourteen lines": In Millay, E. St. Vincent, Mine the Harvest: A Collection of New Poems. New York: Harper, 1949, p. 130.

Chapter 19.

"John Horgan published an article": Horgan, J., From complexity to perplexity. Scientific American, 272, June 1995, pp. 7479.

" The End of Science": Horgan, J., The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Knowledge in the Twilight of the Scientific Age. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996.

"[T]he hope that physics could be complete": Crutchfield, J. P., Farmer, J. D., Packard, N. H., and Shaw, R. S., Chaos. Scientific American, 255, December 1986.

"Gravitation is not responsible": This quotation is very commonly attributed to Einstein. However, it is apparently a (more elegant) rephrasing of what he actually said: "Falling in love is not at all the most stupid thing that people do-but gravitation cannot be held responsible for it." Quoted in Dukas, H. and Hoffmann B. (editors), Albert Einstein, The Human Side: New Glimpses from His Archives. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1979, p. 56.

"Recently, ideas about complexity": Gordon, D. M., Control without hierarchy. Nature, 446 (7132), 2007, p. 143.

"a new discipline of cybernetics": Fascinating histories of the field of cybernetics can be found in Aspray, W., John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990; and Heims, S. The Cybernetics Group. Cambridge, MIT Press, 1991.

"the entire field of control and communication": Wiener, N. Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1948, p. 11.

"H. Ross Ashby's 'Design for a Brain'": Ashby, R. H., Design for a Brain. New York: Wiley, 1954.

"Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts' model of neurons": McCulloch, W. and Pitts, W., A logical calculus of ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 5, 1942, pp. 115133.

"Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson's application of cybernetic ideas": See, e.g., Bateson, G., Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 1979.

"Norbert Wiener's books Cybernetics and The Human Use of Human Beings": Wiener, N. Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1948; Wiener, N. The Human Use of Human Beings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

"The two most important historical events": Gregory Bateson, quoted in Heims, S., The Cybernetics Group. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991, p. 96.

"vacuous in the extreme": Max Delbruck, quoted in Heims, S., The Cybernetics Group. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991, p. 95.

"bull sessions with a very elite group": Leonard Savage, quoted in Heims, S., The Cybernetics Group, 1991, p. 96.

"in the end Wiener's hope": Aspray, W., John von Neumann and the Origins of Modern Computing. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990, pp. 209210.

"General System Theory": see Von Bertalanffy, L., General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, New York: G. Braziller, 1969; or Rapoport, A. General System Theory: Essential Concepts and Applications, Cambridge, MA: Abacus Press, 1986.

"the formulation and deduction of those principles ...": Von Bertanlanffy, L., An outline of general system theory. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1(92), 1950, pp. 134165.

"biologists Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela attempted ...": See, e.g., Maturana, H. R. and Varela, F. J., Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living. Boston, MA: D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1980.

"Hermann Haken's Synergetics and Ilya Prigogine's theories of dissipative structures and nonequilibrium systems ...". See Haken, H., The Science of Structure: Synergetics, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984; and Prigogine, I. From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1980.

"vocabulary of complexity," "A number of concepts that deal with mechanisms ...": Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I., Exploring Complexity, New York: W. H. Freeman and Co., 1989, p. x.

"I think we may be missing the conceptual equivalent of calculus ...": Strogatz, S., Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life. New York: Hyperion, 2004, p. 287.

"He was hampered by the chaos of language": Gleick, J., Isaac Newton, New York: Pantheon Books, 2003, pp. 5859.

"The physicist Per Bak introduced the notion of self-organized criticality": See Bak, P., How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality. New York: Copernicus, 1996.

"The physicist Jim Crutchfield has proposed a theory of computational mechanics": See, e.g., Crutchfield, J. P., The calculi of emergence. Physica D, 75, 1994, 1154.

"the simplicity on the other side of complexity": The famous quotation "I do not give a fig for the simplicity on this side of complexity, but I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity" is usually attributed to Oliver Wendell Holmes, but I could not find the source of this in his writings. I have also seen this quotation attributed to the poet Gerald Manley Hopkins.

"One doesn't discover new lands": Gide, A., The Counterfeiters. Translated by D. Bussy. New York: Vintage, 1973, p. 353. Original: Journal des Faux-Monnayeurs. Paris: Librairie Gallimard, 1927.

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