Christianity - The First Three Thousand Years Part 26

17 N. Tanner, 'Pastoral Care: The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215', in G. R. Evans (ed.), N. Tanner, 'Pastoral Care: The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215', in G. R. Evans (ed.), A History of Pastoral Care A History of Pastoral Care (London and New York, 2000), Ch. 14, repr. in N. Tanner, (London and New York, 2000), Ch. 14, repr. in N. Tanner, The Ages of Faith: Popular Religion in Late Medieval England and Western Europe The Ages of Faith: Popular Religion in Late Medieval England and Western Europe (London and New York, 2009), 19-32, at 21. On the Lateran Council in general, see pp. 401-8. (London and New York, 2009), 19-32, at 21. On the Lateran Council in general, see pp. 401-8.

18 M. Barber, 'The Impact of the Fourth Crusade in the West: The Distribution of Relics after 1204', in d'A. Laiou (ed.), M. Barber, 'The Impact of the Fourth Crusade in the West: The Distribution of Relics after 1204', in d'A. Laiou (ed.), Urbs capta: The Fourth Crusade and Its Consequences. La IVe Croisade et ses consequences Urbs capta: The Fourth Crusade and Its Consequences. La IVe Croisade et ses consequences (Paris, 2005), 326-34, at 334. (Paris, 2005), 326-34, at 334.

19 'Rood' is the Old and Middle English word for 'cross'. 'Rood' is the Old and Middle English word for 'cross'.

20 Tyerman, 557-8. Tyerman, 557-8.

21 M. Angold, M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context The Fourth Crusade: Event and Context (Harlow, 2003), 225. (Harlow, 2003), 225.

22 R. Fletcher, R. Fletcher, The Cross and the Crescent: Christianity and Islam from Muhammad to the Reformation The Cross and the Crescent: Christianity and Islam from Muhammad to the Reformation (London, 2003), 105. (London, 2003), 105.

23 C. L. Striker and Y. D. Kuban, 'Work at Kalenderhane Camii in Istanbul: A Second Preliminary Report', C. L. Striker and Y. D. Kuban, 'Work at Kalenderhane Camii in Istanbul: A Second Preliminary Report', Dumbarton Oaks Papers Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 21 (1967), 185-93. The fragmentary frescoes are now displayed in the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul.

24 J. Gill, 'The Tribulations of the Greek Church in Cyprus, 1196- J. Gill, 'The Tribulations of the Greek Church in Cyprus, 1196-c.1280', Byzantinische Forschungen Byzantinische Forschungen, 5 (1977), 73-93, at 79-81; for the context, P. W. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374 The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191-1374 (Cambridge, 1991), 67. (Cambridge, 1991), 67.

25 Chadwick, 244-5. Chadwick, 244-5.

26 M. Angold, 'Byzantium and the West 1204-1453', in Angold (ed.), 53-78, at 56-7. M. Angold, 'Byzantium and the West 1204-1453', in Angold (ed.), 53-78, at 56-7.

27 L. Maksimovi, 'La Serbie et les contrees voisines avant et apres la IVe Croisade', in Laiou (ed.), L. Maksimovi, 'La Serbie et les contrees voisines avant et apres la IVe Croisade', in Laiou (ed.), Urbs capta Urbs capta, 269-82.

28 Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', 14, 34-5. Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', 14, 34-5.

29 F. Miklosich and J. Muller, F. Miklosich and J. Muller, Acta et Diplomata Graeca medii aevi sacra et profana Acta et Diplomata Graeca medii aevi sacra et profana (6 vols., Vienna, 1860-90), II, no. 447, p. 189, qu. Hussey, 294. (6 vols., Vienna, 1860-90), II, no. 447, p. 189, qu. Hussey, 294.

30 Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', 23-7, 50. Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', 23-7, 50.

31 Jenkins, 178. Jenkins, 178.

32 E. A. Zachariadou, 'Mount Athos and the Ottomans E. A. Zachariadou, 'Mount Athos and the Ottomans c c. 1350-1550', in Angold (ed.), 154-68, at 155-9, 162-3.

33 A. Lingas, 'Medieval Byzantine Chant and the Sound of Orthodoxy', in A. Louth and A. Casiday (eds.), A. Lingas, 'Medieval Byzantine Chant and the Sound of Orthodoxy', in A. Louth and A. Casiday (eds.), Byzantine Orthodoxies Byzantine Orthodoxies (Aldershot, 2006), 131-50, esp. 144, 146. (Aldershot, 2006), 131-50, esp. 144, 146.

34 Herrin, 278-9. Herrin, 278-9.

35 J. Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', J. Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', JEH JEH, 51 (2000), 267-95, at 274, 276.

36 Herrin, 304-5. Herrin, 304-5.

37 Matthew 17.2; Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', 277. Matthew 17.2; Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', 277.

38 J. R. Dupuche, 'Sufism and Hesychasm', in B. Neil, G. D. Dunn and L. Cross (eds.), J. R. Dupuche, 'Sufism and Hesychasm', in B. Neil, G. D. Dunn and L. Cross (eds.), Prayer and Spirituality in the Early Church III: Liturgy and Life Prayer and Spirituality in the Early Church III: Liturgy and Life (Strathfield, NSW, 2003), 335-43. (Strathfield, NSW, 2003), 335-43.

39 D. Krausmuller, 'The Rise of Hesychasm', in Angold (ed.), 101-26, at 123. D. Krausmuller, 'The Rise of Hesychasm', in Angold (ed.), 101-26, at 123.

40 Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', 279-81. Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', 279-81.

41 R. S. Pine-Coffin (ed.), R. S. Pine-Coffin (ed.), Saint Augustine: Confessions Saint Augustine: Confessions (London, 1961), 196-99 [IX.10]. (London, 1961), 196-99 [IX.10].

42 Chadwick, 253-4. Chadwick, 253-4.

43 Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', 290-94. Lossl, 'Augustine in Byzantium', 290-94.

44 Dupuche, 'Sufism and Hesychasm', 338. Dupuche, 'Sufism and Hesychasm', 338.

45 Herrin, 288-9. Herrin, 288-9.

46 Hussey, 271-3. Hussey, 271-3.

47 R. Crowley, R. Crowley, Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 Constantinople: The Last Great Siege, 1453 (London, 2nd edn, 2006), 102-3; Crowley provides a careful and vivid account of these events. (London, 2nd edn, 2006), 102-3; Crowley provides a careful and vivid account of these events.

48 Ibid., 166. There is a quirky melancholy to be found in visiting the little Cornish village church of Landulph, where on the wall is a seventeenth-century monumental bra.s.s inscription bearing the double-headed eagle of the imperial insignia. It commemorates Theodore 'Palaeologus', descendant of the last emperor's brother, who died in Cornwall in 1636, having married the daughter of a Suffolk gentleman named b.a.l.l.s. Ibid., 166. There is a quirky melancholy to be found in visiting the little Cornish village church of Landulph, where on the wall is a seventeenth-century monumental bra.s.s inscription bearing the double-headed eagle of the imperial insignia. It commemorates Theodore 'Palaeologus', descendant of the last emperor's brother, who died in Cornwall in 1636, having married the daughter of a Suffolk gentleman named b.a.l.l.s.

49 J. W. Meri (ed.), J. W. Meri (ed.), A Lonely Wayfarer's Guide to Pilgrimage: 'Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi's A Lonely Wayfarer's Guide to Pilgrimage: 'Ali ibn Abi Bakr al-Harawi's Kitib al-Isharat ila Ma'rifat al-Ziyarat (Princeton, 2004), 146. Kitib al-Isharat ila Ma'rifat al-Ziyarat (Princeton, 2004), 146.

50 G. Dufay, G. Dufay, Lamentatio sanctae matris ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae Lamentatio sanctae matris ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae; translations by Philip Weller for the Binchois Consort, reproduced by permission (and I am grateful to Dr Weller for our further discussions). Tenor text from Lamentations 1.2: interestingly, Dufay reverses the order of the biblical quotation to introduce the idea of treachery first. For Dufay's letter of 1456 to the Medici about his Constantinople motets written the previous year, see L. Holford-Strevens, 'Du Fay the Poet? Problems in the Texts of His Motets', Early Music History Early Music History, 16 (1997), 97-165, at 98, 163-5.

51 On the Belgrade expedition, see N. Housley, 'Crusading as Social Revolt: The Hungarian Peasant Uprising of 1514', On the Belgrade expedition, see N. Housley, 'Crusading as Social Revolt: The Hungarian Peasant Uprising of 1514', JEH JEH, 49 (1998), 1-28, at 3-4, and see also J. Harris, 'Publicising the Crusade: English Bishops and the Jubilee Indulgence of 1455', JEH JEH, 50 (1999), 23 - 37.

52 H. C. Evans (ed.), H. C. Evans (ed.), Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557) Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557) (New Haven and London, 2004), 5, 523. (New Haven and London, 2004), 5, 523.

53 Herrin, 293-8. Herrin, 293-8.

54 The church/mosque suffered repeated fire damage, and from a state of dereliction in the early twentieth century is now stripped to the ruins of its original fifth-century basilican form. The church/mosque suffered repeated fire damage, and from a state of dereliction in the early twentieth century is now stripped to the ruins of its original fifth-century basilican form.

55 Jenkins, 215-16. Jenkins, 215-16.

56 M. Mazower, M. Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews 1430-1950 (London, 2004), 46-65, 330-31. (London, 2004), 46-65, 330-31.

57 My recalculation of figures provided by Binns, 175. My recalculation of figures provided by Binns, 175.

58 E. A. Zachariadou, 'The Great Church in Captivity 1453-1586', in Angold (ed.), 169-86, at 183-4. E. A. Zachariadou, 'The Great Church in Captivity 1453-1586', in Angold (ed.), 169-86, at 183-4.

59 Zachariadou, 'Mount Athos and the Ottomans', 166-8. Zachariadou, 'Mount Athos and the Ottomans', 166-8.

60 K. Hartnup, On the Beliefs of the Greeks: K. Hartnup, On the Beliefs of the Greeks: Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy Leo Allatios and Popular Orthodoxy (Leiden and Boston, 2004), 199-205, 218-36. (Leiden and Boston, 2004), 199-205, 218-36.

61 On Cyprus, Jenkins, 177-8; on Asia Minor, B. Clark, On Cyprus, Jenkins, 177-8; on Asia Minor, B. Clark, Twice a Stranger: How Ma.s.s Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey Twice a Stranger: How Ma.s.s Expulsion Forged Modern Greece and Turkey (London, 2006), 116-18. (London, 2006), 116-18.

62 S. Michalski, S. Michalski, The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe The Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe (London, 1993), 102, 135. (London, 1993), 102, 135.

63 K. Ware, K. Ware, The Orthodox Church The Orthodox Church (London, 1994), 96. (London, 1994), 96.

64 A useful account of Lucaris's career is W. S. B. Patterson, 'Cyril Lukaris, George Abbot, James VI and I, and the Beginning of Orthodox-Anglican Relations', in P. Doll (ed.), A useful account of Lucaris's career is W. S. B. Patterson, 'Cyril Lukaris, George Abbot, James VI and I, and the Beginning of Orthodox-Anglican Relations', in P. Doll (ed.), Anglicanism and Orthodoxy 300 Years after the 'Greek College' in Oxford Anglicanism and Orthodoxy 300 Years after the 'Greek College' in Oxford (Oxford and New York, 2006), 39-56, at 40-43. (Oxford and New York, 2006), 39-56, at 40-43.

65 MacCulloch, 331-2. MacCulloch, 331-2.

66 Patterson, 'Cyril Lukaris, George Abbot, James VI and I, and the Beginning of Orthodox- Anglican Relations', 51-2. Patterson, 'Cyril Lukaris, George Abbot, James VI and I, and the Beginning of Orthodox- Anglican Relations', 51-2.

67 For discussion of why 'Calvinism' is an inexact term to describe Reformed Protestantism, see p. 618. For discussion of why 'Calvinism' is an inexact term to describe Reformed Protestantism, see p. 618.

68 P. M. Kitromilides, 'Orthodoxy and the West: Reformation to Enlightenment', in Angold (ed.), 187-209, at 194-9. For the wider story, see J. Pinnington, P. M. Kitromilides, 'Orthodoxy and the West: Reformation to Enlightenment', in Angold (ed.), 187-209, at 194-9. For the wider story, see J. Pinnington, Anglicans and Orthodox: Unity and Subversion 1559-1725 Anglicans and Orthodox: Unity and Subversion 1559-1725 (Leominster, 2003). (Leominster, 2003).

15: Russia: The Third Rome (900-1800) 1 J. Bately (ed.), J. Bately (ed.), The Old English Orosius The Old English Orosius (Early English Text Society, supplementary ser., 6, 1980), esp. p. 27, l. 15, and for discussion of authorship and dating, ibid., lxxiii-xcii. See also J. Nelson, 'England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: IV. Minds and Bodies', (Early English Text Society, supplementary ser., 6, 1980), esp. p. 27, l. 15, and for discussion of authorship and dating, ibid., lxxiii-xcii. See also J. Nelson, 'England and the Continent in the Ninth Century: IV. Minds and Bodies', TRHS TRHS, 6th ser., 15 (2005), 1-28, at 2.

2 The apostrophe reflects p.r.o.nunciation in Russian. The derivation of the name is still the subject of inconclusive controversy. The apostrophe reflects p.r.o.nunciation in Russian. The derivation of the name is still the subject of inconclusive controversy.

3 W. Duczko, W. Duczko, Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe Viking Rus: Studies on the Presence of Scandinavians in Eastern Europe (Leiden, 2004), esp. 34-5, 82, 101-10. (Leiden, 2004), esp. 34-5, 82, 101-10.

4 Herrin, 137; Chadwick, 170. Herrin, 137; Chadwick, 170.

5 Herrin, 137; on the mission sponsored by Louis the Pious and Archbishop Abbo of Rheims in the 820s, see J. T. Palmer, 'Rimbert's Herrin, 137; on the mission sponsored by Louis the Pious and Archbishop Abbo of Rheims in the 820s, see J. T. Palmer, 'Rimbert's Vita Anskarii Vita Anskarii and Scandinavian Mission in the 9th Century', and Scandinavian Mission in the 9th Century', JEH JEH, 55 (2004), 235-56, esp. 235, 252.

6 Duczko, Duczko, Viking Rus Viking Rus, 210-18, 257.

7 C. Holmes, C. Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) (Oxford, 2005), 513. (Oxford, 2005), 513.

8 S. Franklin, S. Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950-1300 Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950-1300 (Cambridge, 2002), 105, 121. (Cambridge, 2002), 105, 121.

9 Duczko, Duczko, Viking Rus Viking Rus, 215.

10 Herrin, 213-14; Chadwick, 193-4. See also Holmes, Herrin, 213-14; Chadwick, 193-4. See also Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025), 450-60, 510-11.

11 Duczko, Duczko, Viking Rus Viking Rus, 10, 12, 79, 216-17. One of these Varangians has left a little graffito in runes on a parapet of the basilica of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

12 W. van den Bercken, W. van den Bercken, Holy Russia and Christian Europe: East and West in the Religious Ideology of Russia Holy Russia and Christian Europe: East and West in the Religious Ideology of Russia (London, 1999), 38. (London, 1999), 38.

13 Stringer, 124-5. In Russian Orthodox usage, the word 'cathedral' has a different connotation from its usage in the West, where one church in a diocese is generally designated the cathedral church of the bishop. In Russia, a sacred area may often contain several churches designated cathedrals because of their relationship to the bishop - often quite small in ground plan, if not in architectural aspiration. Stringer, 124-5. In Russian Orthodox usage, the word 'cathedral' has a different connotation from its usage in the West, where one church in a diocese is generally designated the cathedral church of the bishop. In Russia, a sacred area may often contain several churches designated cathedrals because of their relationship to the bishop - often quite small in ground plan, if not in architectural aspiration.

14 L. Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia: Rublev and His Successors', in Angold (ed.), 276-301, at 282. L. Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia: Rublev and His Successors', in Angold (ed.), 276-301, at 282.

15 K. Ware, 'Eastern Christianity', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 65-95, at 88-9. K. Ware, 'Eastern Christianity', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 65-95, at 88-9.

16 A. Vauchez, A. Vauchez, Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1997), 147-56. For one mid-twelfth-century example of papal anger at wholly gratuitous popular canonization, of a Swede who was killed while he was drunk, D. Harrison, ' (Cambridge, 1997), 147-56. For one mid-twelfth-century example of papal anger at wholly gratuitous popular canonization, of a Swede who was killed while he was drunk, D. Harrison, 'Quod magno n.o.bis fuit horrori . . . Horror, Power and Holiness within the Context of Canonization', in G. Klaniczay, Horror, Power and Holiness within the Context of Canonization', in G. Klaniczay, Proces de canonisation au moyen age: aspects juridiques et religieux. Medieval Canonization Processes: Legal and Religious Aspects Proces de canonisation au moyen age: aspects juridiques et religieux. Medieval Canonization Processes: Legal and Religious Aspects (Rome, 2004), 39-52. (Rome, 2004), 39-52.

17 I am grateful to Fr Christopher Hill of the Parish of the Monastery of St Andrew in Moscow for our discussion of Orthodoxy. I am grateful to Fr Christopher Hill of the Parish of the Monastery of St Andrew in Moscow for our discussion of Orthodoxy.

18 A. Ivanov, A. Ivanov, Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond (Oxford, 2006), 244-55. (Oxford, 2006), 244-55.

19 van den Bercken, van den Bercken, Holy Russia and Christian Europe Holy Russia and Christian Europe, 45, 122-6; S. Senyk,A History of the Church in Ukraine, I: To the End of the Thirteenth Century ( (Orientalia Christiana a.n.a.lecta, 243, 1993), 442-3.

20 P. Engel, P. Engel, The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London and New York, 2001), 101-3. (London and New York, 2001), 101-3.

21 D. Ostrowski, 'The Mongol Origins of Muscovite Political Inst.i.tutions', D. Ostrowski, 'The Mongol Origins of Muscovite Political Inst.i.tutions', Slavic Review Slavic Review, 49 (1990), 525-42, at 525n. The origins of the name 'Golden Horde' are in any case uncertain.

22 Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 276-7. Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 276-7.

23 Ibid., 277. Ibid., 277.

24 V. L. Lanin, 'Medieval Novgorod', in M. Perrie, V. L. Lanin, 'Medieval Novgorod', in M. Perrie, The Cambridge History of Russia, I: from Early Rus' to 1689 The Cambridge History of Russia, I: from Early Rus' to 1689 (Cambridge, 2006), at 188-210, esp. 196, 204, 206-7. (Cambridge, 2006), at 188-210, esp. 196, 204, 206-7.

25 S. Rock,'Russian Piety and OrthodoxCulture1380-1589', in Angold (ed.), 253-75, at 259. S. Rock,'Russian Piety and OrthodoxCulture1380-1589', in Angold (ed.), 253-75, at 259.

26 S. Hackel, 'Diaspora Problems of the Russian Emigration', ibid., 539-57, at 540; on T'rnovo, see p. 473. S. Hackel, 'Diaspora Problems of the Russian Emigration', ibid., 539-57, at 540; on T'rnovo, see p. 473.

27 On liturgy, Ostrowski, 'Mongol Origins of Muscovite Political Inst.i.tutions', 529, and on coinage, G. Alef, 'The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II', On liturgy, Ostrowski, 'Mongol Origins of Muscovite Political Inst.i.tutions', 529, and on coinage, G. Alef, 'The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II', Speculum Speculum, 34 (1959), 1-19, at 5.

28 D. Ostrowski, D. Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589 Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589 (Cambridge, 1998), 16-19. Often the rulers of Muscovy, Lithuania etc. are Englished as 'Grand Duke', but this t.i.tle seems inadequate for such major powers, and 'Grand Prince' better conveys their position. (Cambridge, 1998), 16-19. Often the rulers of Muscovy, Lithuania etc. are Englished as 'Grand Duke', but this t.i.tle seems inadequate for such major powers, and 'Grand Prince' better conveys their position.

29 Snyder, 17-18. Snyder, 17-18.

30 P. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', in Hastings (ed.), 282-327, at 290; van den Bercken, P. Walters, 'Eastern Europe since the Fifteenth Century', in Hastings (ed.), 282-327, at 290; van den Bercken, Holy Russia and Christian Europe Holy Russia and Christian Europe, 132.

31 Ostrowski, Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols Muscovy and the Mongols, 23.

32 J. Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', in Angold (ed.), 3-52, at 10, 29 - 32. J. Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', in Angold (ed.), 3-52, at 10, 29 - 32.

33 Hussey, 291-2. Hussey, 291-2.

34 Ibid., 292-3. Ibid., 292-3.

35 P. R. Magocsi, P. R. Magocsi, A History of Ukraine A History of Ukraine (Toronto, 1996), 163. (Toronto, 1996), 163.

36 G. Alef, 'The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II', 6, although Alef prefers to relate the change to Vasilii's dynastic struggles. In a letter to the Byzantine emperor of 1451/2, the Grand Prince did not use the 'sovereign' t.i.tle, while he did take care to use it for the Grand Prince of Lithuania: ibid., 8. G. Alef, 'The Political Significance of the Inscriptions on Muscovite Coinage in the Reign of Vasili II', 6, although Alef prefers to relate the change to Vasilii's dynastic struggles. In a letter to the Byzantine emperor of 1451/2, the Grand Prince did not use the 'sovereign' t.i.tle, while he did take care to use it for the Grand Prince of Lithuania: ibid., 8.

37 Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', 44-6; Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 268. Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', 44-6; Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 268.

38 W. B. Husband, 'Looking Backward, Looking Forward: The Study of Religion in Russia after the Fall', W. B. Husband, 'Looking Backward, Looking Forward: The Study of Religion in Russia after the Fall', JRH JRH, 31 (2007), 195-202, at 197.

39 Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 267. Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 267.

40 Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 277, 289-91, 297. Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 277, 289-91, 297.

41 Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 253-4. Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 253-4.

42 Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 292. Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 292.

43 Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 266-7. Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 266-7.

44 Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 297. Hughes, 'Art and Liturgy in Russia', 297.

45 Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 265-6. Rock, 'Russian Piety and Orthodox Culture 1380-1589', 265-6.

46 G. Hosking, G. Hosking, Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 10. (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 10.

47 Ostrowski, Ostrowski, Muscovy and the Mongols Muscovy and the Mongols, 222-30. On the Apollinarian heresy, see pp. 219-20.