Christianity - The First Three Thousand Years Part 25

13: Faith in a New Rome (451-900) 1 Stevenson (ed., 1989), 117. Stevenson (ed., 1989), 117.

2 A richly witty treatment of this is Archimandrite E. Lash, 'Byzantine Hymns of Hate', in A. Louth and A. Casiday (eds.), A richly witty treatment of this is Archimandrite E. Lash, 'Byzantine Hymns of Hate', in A. Louth and A. Casiday (eds.), Byzantine Orthodoxies Byzantine Orthodoxies (Aldershot, 2006), 151-64; quotation at 155. (Aldershot, 2006), 151-64; quotation at 155.

3 For seventh-century Byzantine burnings, J. and B. Hamilton (eds.), For seventh-century Byzantine burnings, J. and B. Hamilton (eds.), Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, c. 650-c. 1450 Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, c. 650-c. 1450 (Manchester and New York, 1998), 13. For the burning of Basil the Bogomil (Manchester and New York, 1998), 13. For the burning of Basil the Bogomil c c. 1098, see p. 456, and on Russian burning of 'Old Believers', pp. 540-41. For the introduction of burning to Russia, G. H. Williams, 'Protestants in the Ukraine during the Period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth', Harvard Ukrainian Studies Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 2 (1978), 41-72, at 50.

4 See the opposition to burning Manichees from Theodore the Stoudite: Hamilton (eds.), See the opposition to burning Manichees from Theodore the Stoudite: Hamilton (eds.), Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, c. 650-c. 1450 Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, c. 650-c. 1450, 60-61. Note also the caution on burning expressed by Patriarch Theophylaktos (933-56) and the disapproving comments on physical punishment of heretics by the great twelfth-century Orthodox canon lawyer Balsamon: Hussey, 157-8, 165-6.

5 J. Moorhead, J. Moorhead, Justinian Justinian (London, 1994), 17-22. (London, 1994), 17-22.

6 G. A. Williamson (tr.), G. A. Williamson (tr.), Procopius: The Secret History Procopius: The Secret History (London, 1966). There has been controversy as to whether the (London, 1966). There has been controversy as to whether the Secret History Secret History ought to be taken seriously, but there is no good reason to doubt the overall substance of what Procopius wrote. ought to be taken seriously, but there is no good reason to doubt the overall substance of what Procopius wrote.

7 Procopius, Procopius, Wars Wars, 1.24.32-7, qu. Moorhead, Justinian Justinian, 46-7.

8 Qu. J. G. Davies, Qu. J. G. Davies, Temples, Churches and Mosques: A Guide to the Appreciation of Religious Buildings Temples, Churches and Mosques: A Guide to the Appreciation of Religious Buildings (New York, 1982), 106-7. (New York, 1982), 106-7.

9 Binns, 6. Binns, 6.

10 N. P. Sevcenko, 'Art and liturgy in the later Byzantine Empire', in Angold (ed.), 127-53, at 143. N. P. Sevcenko, 'Art and liturgy in the later Byzantine Empire', in Angold (ed.), 127-53, at 143.

11 Binns, 45. Binns, 45.

12 Stringer, 100. Stringer, 100.

13 Herrin, 72-4. Herrin, 72-4.

14 A. Cameron, A. Cameron, Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: The Development of Christian Discourse Christianity and the Rhetoric of Empire: The Development of Christian Discourse (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1994), 208-13. (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1994), 208-13.

15 Herrin, 15. Herrin, 15.

16 For a positive reading of a now poorly doc.u.mented reign, see W. Treadgold in C. Mango (ed.), For a positive reading of a now poorly doc.u.mented reign, see W. Treadgold in C. Mango (ed.), The Oxford History of Byzantium The Oxford History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2002), 133. (Oxford, 2002), 133.

17 A. Cameron, 'Byzantium and the Past in the Seventh Century: The Search for Redefintion', in J. Fontaine and J. N. Hillgarth (eds.), A. Cameron, 'Byzantium and the Past in the Seventh Century: The Search for Redefintion', in J. Fontaine and J. N. Hillgarth (eds.), The Seventh Century: Change and Continuity The Seventh Century: Change and Continuity (London, 1992), 250-76, at 253; Herrin, 92, 141-7. (London, 1992), 250-76, at 253; Herrin, 92, 141-7.

18 L. K. Little (ed.), L. K. Little (ed.), Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541-750 Plague and the End of Antiquity: The Pandemic of 541-750 (Cambridge, 2007), esp. H. N. Kennedy, 'Justinianic Plague in Syria and the Archaeological Evidence', 87-95, and P. Sarris, 'Bubonic Plague in Byzantium: The Evidence of Non-literary Sources', 119-32. (Cambridge, 2007), esp. H. N. Kennedy, 'Justinianic Plague in Syria and the Archaeological Evidence', 87-95, and P. Sarris, 'Bubonic Plague in Byzantium: The Evidence of Non-literary Sources', 119-32.

19 Herrin, 153-4. Herrin, 153-4.

20 A. Sterk, A. Sterk, Renouncing the World Yet Leading the Church: The Monk-bishop in Late Antiquity Renouncing the World Yet Leading the Church: The Monk-bishop in Late Antiquity (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2004), esp. 178-91. (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2004), esp. 178-91.

21 Reference to this monastery as the 'Stoudion' or 'Studium' is inexact: R. Cholij, Reference to this monastery as the 'Stoudion' or 'Studium' is inexact: R. Cholij, Theodore the Stoudite: The Ordering of Holiness Theodore the Stoudite: The Ordering of Holiness (Oxford, 1996), 1n. (Oxford, 1996), 1n.

22 Ladder Ladder, 7.50 (Patrologia Graeca, 88.812A), qu. J. Chryssavgis, John Climacus: From the Egyptian Desert to the Sinaite Mountain John Climacus: From the Egyptian Desert to the Sinaite Mountain (Oxford, 2004), 161; on Evagrius, see ibid., 183 - 7. (Oxford, 2004), 161; on Evagrius, see ibid., 183 - 7.

23 Maximus's origins are controversial, thanks to the discovery by Sebastian Brock of an early, circ.u.mstantial and bitterly hostile biography of him, contradicting all other accounts: see A. Louth, Maximus's origins are controversial, thanks to the discovery by Sebastian Brock of an early, circ.u.mstantial and bitterly hostile biography of him, contradicting all other accounts: see A. Louth, Maximus the Confessor Maximus the Confessor (London and New York, 1996), 4-7. (London and New York, 1996), 4-7.

24 See Acts 17.34. Dionysius was a common name in the Cla.s.sical world, which has lent extra confusion to the Syrian mystic's ident.i.ty. For instance, he has elided into a totally different Dionysius, the martyr of Gaul, who may be more familiar as the French St-Denis (see pp. 324-5). See Acts 17.34. Dionysius was a common name in the Cla.s.sical world, which has lent extra confusion to the Syrian mystic's ident.i.ty. For instance, he has elided into a totally different Dionysius, the martyr of Gaul, who may be more familiar as the French St-Denis (see pp. 324-5).

25 Chadwick, 59-60. Chadwick, 59-60.

26 Compare discussion of Syrian theologians Isaac of Nineveh and John of Dalyatha, pp. 250-51. Compare discussion of Syrian theologians Isaac of Nineveh and John of Dalyatha, pp. 250-51.

27 Pseudo-Dionysius, Pseudo-Dionysius, Celestial Hierarchy Celestial Hierarchy, 3.1f., qu. Louth (ed.), Maximus the Confessor Maximus the Confessor, 31.

28 Maximus, Maximus, Ambiguum Ambiguum, 7 (Patrologia Graeca, 91.1081a), qu. M. Toronen, Union and Distinction in the Thought of St Maximus the Confessor Union and Distinction in the Thought of St Maximus the Confessor (Oxford, 2007), 129. (Oxford, 2007), 129.

29 Maximus, Maximus, Ambiguum Ambiguum, 31 (Patrologia Graeca, 91.1285Bf), qu. ibid., 153-4.

30 Maximus, Maximus, Ambiguum Ambiguum, 21 (Patrologia Graeca, 91.1249B, 1253D), qu. ibid., 161.

31 N. Russell, N. Russell, The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition The Doctrine of Deification in the Greek Patristic Tradition (Oxford, 2004), 264. (Oxford, 2004), 264.

32 Maximus, Maximus, Mystagogia Mystagogia, 21 (Patrologia Graeca, 91.697a), qu. ibid., 272, and cf. ibid., 295.

33 Matthew 26.39; D. Bathrellos, Matthew 26.39; D. Bathrellos, The Byzantine Christ: Person, Nature and Will in the Christology of St Maximus the Confessor The Byzantine Christ: Person, Nature and Will in the Christology of St Maximus the Confessor (New York, 2004), 121-6, 189-93. (New York, 2004), 121-6, 189-93.

34 Louth, Louth, Maximus the Confessor Maximus the Confessor, 56-60.

35 Herrin, 108. Herrin, 108.

36 Exodus 20.4-5. The text has its variant in the other version of the Ten Commandments, Deuteronomy 5.8-9. Exodus 20.4-5. The text has its variant in the other version of the Ten Commandments, Deuteronomy 5.8-9.

37 See excellent discussion of the whole question in M. Aston, See excellent discussion of the whole question in M. Aston, England's Iconoclasts I. Laws against Images England's Iconoclasts I. Laws against Images (Oxford, 1988), 371-92. (Oxford, 1988), 371-92.

38 Humanity is never consistent and naturally there are indeed sculpted icons, among a wealth of other sculpted sacred imagery of Orthodox inspiration. For an ill.u.s.tration of a fine eleventh-century example of an icon depicting St George, preserved in that bastion of Orthodoxy, Mount Athos, see G. Speake, Humanity is never consistent and naturally there are indeed sculpted icons, among a wealth of other sculpted sacred imagery of Orthodox inspiration. For an ill.u.s.tration of a fine eleventh-century example of an icon depicting St George, preserved in that bastion of Orthodoxy, Mount Athos, see G. Speake, Mount Athos: Renewal in Paradise Mount Athos: Renewal in Paradise (New Haven and London, 2002), 49. (New Haven and London, 2002), 49.

39 T. F. Mathews, T. F. Mathews, Byzantium: From Antiquity to the Renaissance Byzantium: From Antiquity to the Renaissance (New York, 1998), 43 - 52. (New York, 1998), 43 - 52.

40 A recent publication of the Council of Nicaea's proceedings with the statements of Hieria is D. J. Sahas (ed.), A recent publication of the Council of Nicaea's proceedings with the statements of Hieria is D. J. Sahas (ed.), Icon and Logos: Sources in Eighth-century Iconoclasm Icon and Logos: Sources in Eighth-century Iconoclasm (Toronto, 1986); on readings by Bishop Gregory, 38. A more comprehensive survey of what survives of iconoclast doc.u.ments is T. Krannich, C. Schubert and C. Sode (eds.), (Toronto, 1986); on readings by Bishop Gregory, 38. A more comprehensive survey of what survives of iconoclast doc.u.ments is T. Krannich, C. Schubert and C. Sode (eds.), Die ikonoklastische Synod von Hieria 754: Einleitung, Text, Ubersetzung und Kommentar ihres Horos Die ikonoklastische Synod von Hieria 754: Einleitung, Text, Ubersetzung und Kommentar ihres Horos (Tubingen, 2002). (Tubingen, 2002).

41 The argument is expressed with characteristic elegance in P. Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy', in Brown, The argument is expressed with characteristic elegance in P. Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy', in Brown, Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity Society and the Holy in Late Antiquity (London, 1982), 251-301, esp. at 258-64, 272-4, 282-3. (London, 1982), 251-301, esp. at 258-64, 272-4, 282-3.

42 K. Ware in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 251 n. 20. K. Ware in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 251 n. 20.

43 Cameron, 'Byzantium and the Past', 261-4. Cameron, 'Byzantium and the Past', 261-4.

44 L. Brubaker and J. Haldon (eds.), L. Brubaker and J. Haldon (eds.), Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (c. 680-850). The Sources: An Annotated Survey Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (c. 680-850). The Sources: An Annotated Survey (Aldershot, 2001), 30-36; M. Piccirillo, (Aldershot, 2001), 30-36; M. Piccirillo, The Mosaics of Jordan The Mosaics of Jordan (Amman, 1993), 41-2. (Amman, 1993), 41-2.

45 Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis', 253. Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis', 253.

46 Cholij, Cholij, Theodore the Stoudite Theodore the Stoudite, 15n.

47 K. Cragg, K. Cragg, The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East (London, 1992), 77-8. (London, 1992), 77-8.

48 Dalrymple, 290. On Aquinas, see pp. 412-15. Dalrymple, 290. On Aquinas, see pp. 412-15.

49 A. Louth, A. Louth, St John Damascene: Tradition and Originality in Byzantine Theology St John Damascene: Tradition and Originality in Byzantine Theology (Oxford, 2002), 90-95, 252-82. (Oxford, 2002), 90-95, 252-82.

50 D. Anderson (tr.), D. Anderson (tr.), On the Divine Images. Three Apologies against Those Who Attack the Divine Images: St John of Damascus On the Divine Images. Three Apologies against Those Who Attack the Divine Images: St John of Damascus (New York, 1980), 23 and 82-8, esp. 84. (New York, 1980), 23 and 82-8, esp. 84.

51 Herrin, 101. Herrin, 101.

52 C. Barber, C. Barber, Figure and Likeness: On the Limits of Representation in Byzantine Iconoclasm Figure and Likeness: On the Limits of Representation in Byzantine Iconoclasm (Princeton, 2002), 110, 116, 123, 132, ascribes the move to use Aristotle to the ninth-century iconophiles, but on John and Aristotle and a critique of this view, see Louth, (Princeton, 2002), 110, 116, 123, 132, ascribes the move to use Aristotle to the ninth-century iconophiles, but on John and Aristotle and a critique of this view, see Louth, St John Damascene St John Damascene, 40-42, 93, 100, 135, 140, and esp. 220.

53 Chadwick, 84-5. Chadwick, 84-5.

54 H. Mayr-Harting, 'The Early Middle Ages', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 44-64, at 47-8, and see p. 355. H. Mayr-Harting, 'The Early Middle Ages', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 44-64, at 47-8, and see p. 355.

55 Doig, 117; cf. the reference to I Kings 6.19 in A. Freeman (ed.), Doig, 117; cf. the reference to I Kings 6.19 in A. Freeman (ed.), Opus Caroli Regis contra Synodum (Libri Carolini) Opus Caroli Regis contra Synodum (Libri Carolini) ( (Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Concilia 2, Suppl. 1, 1998), 289, ll. 15-29, and Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis', 259. 2, Suppl. 1, 1998), 289, ll. 15-29, and Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis', 259.

56 P. Boulhol (ed.), P. Boulhol (ed.), Claude de Turin: un eveque iconoclaste dans l'Occident Carolingien: Etude suivie de l'edition du Commentaire sur Josue Claude de Turin: un eveque iconoclaste dans l'Occident Carolingien: Etude suivie de l'edition du Commentaire sur Josue (Paris, 2002), 16-31, 76, 87, 171-9; quotation (my translation) at 130. (Paris, 2002), 16-31, 76, 87, 171-9; quotation (my translation) at 130.

57 Aston, Aston, England's Iconoclasts England's Iconoclasts, 48-52; J. R. Payton Jr, 'Calvin and the Libri Carolini Libri Carolini', SCJ SCJ, 28 (1997), 467-79.

58 Boulhol (ed.), Boulhol (ed.), Claude de Turin Claude de Turin, 98.

59 Hussey, 56. Hussey, 56.

60 Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis', 262. For the Brown, 'A Dark Age Crisis', 262. For the Mandylion Mandylion legend, see A. Mirkovic, legend, see A. Mirkovic, Prelude to Constantine: The Abgar Tradition in Early Christianity Prelude to Constantine: The Abgar Tradition in Early Christianity (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), 23 - 4. (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), 23 - 4.

61 Barber, Barber, Figure and Likeness, Figure and Likeness, 138. 138.

62 Stringer, 104-5. On Theodore and Palestine, see Cholij, Stringer, 104-5. On Theodore and Palestine, see Cholij, Theodore the Stoudite Theodore the Stoudite, 33, 85 n. 13, 87.

63 P. Jeffrey, 'The Earliest Oktoechoi: The Role of Jerusalem and Palestine in the Beginnings of Modal Ordering', in Jeffrey (ed.), P. Jeffrey, 'The Earliest Oktoechoi: The Role of Jerusalem and Palestine in the Beginnings of Modal Ordering', in Jeffrey (ed.), The Study of Medieval Chant: Paths and Bridges, East and West. In Honor of Kenneth Levy The Study of Medieval Chant: Paths and Bridges, East and West. In Honor of Kenneth Levy (Cambridge, 2001), 147-225. (Cambridge, 2001), 147-225.

64 Mark 9.2-8; Matthew 17.1-9; Luke 9.28-36. The 'high mountain' is not named in the Bible, but since at least the fifth century it has been identified with Mount Tabor in Galilee. Mark 9.2-8; Matthew 17.1-9; Luke 9.28-36. The 'high mountain' is not named in the Bible, but since at least the fifth century it has been identified with Mount Tabor in Galilee.

65 The translations of the Greek are from The translations of the Greek are from The Divine Liturgy of Our Father among the Saints, John Chrysostom The Divine Liturgy of Our Father among the Saints, John Chrysostom (Oxford, 1995), 75, 79. (Oxford, 1995), 75, 79.

66 Hamilton (eds.), Hamilton (eds.), Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World Christian Dualist Heresies in the Byzantine World, 73, and for discussion of the movement, ibid., 1-25.

67 Ibid., 175-80. Ibid., 175-80.

68 N. Malcolm, N. Malcolm, Bosnia: A Short History Bosnia: A Short History (London, 1994), 27-42. (London, 1994), 27-42.

69 Chadwick, 120-21, 124. Chadwick, 120-21, 124.

70 W. Treadgold, 'Photius before His Patriarchate', W. Treadgold, 'Photius before His Patriarchate', JEH JEH, 53 (2002), 1-17, at 2, 9-11.

71 Chadwick, 125, 128, 142. Chadwick, 125, 128, 142.

72 Hussey, 92-5. Hussey, 92-5.

73 Ibid., 86-7; Herrin, 127. Ibid., 86-7; Herrin, 127.

74 I. Dorfmann-Lazarev, I. Dorfmann-Lazarev, Armeniens et Byzantins a l'epoque de Photius: deux debats theologiques apres le triomphe de l'Orthodoxie Armeniens et Byzantins a l'epoque de Photius: deux debats theologiques apres le triomphe de l'Orthodoxie ( (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium Subsidia 117, 2004), usefully summarized at 263-7. 117, 2004), usefully summarized at 263-7.

75 Events in Bulgaria and Moravia are ably a.n.a.lysed in L. Simeonova, Events in Bulgaria and Moravia are ably a.n.a.lysed in L. Simeonova, Diplomacy of the Letter and the Cross: Photios, Bulgaria and the Papacy, 860s-880s Diplomacy of the Letter and the Cross: Photios, Bulgaria and the Papacy, 860s-880s (Amsterdam, 1998). (Amsterdam, 1998).

76 Chadwick, 191. Chadwick, 191.

77 Treadgold, 'Photius before His Patriarchate', 15, dismisses doubts about Constantine's studies with Photius. Treadgold, 'Photius before His Patriarchate', 15, dismisses doubts about Constantine's studies with Photius.

78 A rather engagingly celebratory though scholarly account of the following is A.-E. N. Tachiaos, A rather engagingly celebratory though scholarly account of the following is A.-E. N. Tachiaos, Cyril and Methodios of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs Cyril and Methodios of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs (Thessaloniki, 2001). (Thessaloniki, 2001).

79 S. Franklin, S. Franklin, Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950-1300 Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950-1300 (Cambridge, 2002), 97. (Cambridge, 2002), 97.

80 Herrin, 131, 133. Herrin, 131, 133.

81 Tachiaos, Tachiaos, Cyril and Methodios of Thessalonica Cyril and Methodios of Thessalonica, 63-4.

82 Hussey, 99. Hussey, 99.

83 Lash, 'Byzantine Hymns of Hate', 164. Lash, 'Byzantine Hymns of Hate', 164.

14: Orthodoxy: More Than an Empire (900-1700) 1 Tyerman, 2-3. Tyerman, 2-3.

2 Hussey, 115. Hussey, 115.

3 Stringer, 103-4. Stringer, 103-4.

4 C. Holmes, C. Holmes, Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) Basil II and the Governance of Empire (976-1025) (Oxford, 2005), 60-61. (Oxford, 2005), 60-61.

5 H. Alfeyev, H. Alfeyev, St Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition St Symeon the New Theologian and Orthodox Tradition (Oxford, 2000), esp. 23-7, where Alfeyev is perhaps a little coy about Symeon the Pious, 16-19 on confession, 140-41 on the icon of Symeon the Pious, 141, 199 on ordination; quotation from (Oxford, 2000), esp. 23-7, where Alfeyev is perhaps a little coy about Symeon the Pious, 16-19 on confession, 140-41 on the icon of Symeon the Pious, 141, 199 on ordination; quotation from Hymn Hymn 21.54-68, at ibid., 40. 21.54-68, at ibid., 40.

6 Herrin, 221. Herrin, 221.

7 P. Frankopan, 'Kinship and the Distribution of Power in Komnenian Byzantium', P. Frankopan, 'Kinship and the Distribution of Power in Komnenian Byzantium', EHR EHR, 122 (2007), 1-34, at 29.

8 Hussey, 181. Hussey, 181.

9 Chadwick, 235. Chadwick, 235.

10 Hussey, 142-51. Hussey, 142-51.

11 Tyerman, 536. Tyerman, 536.

12 J. Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', in Angold (ed.), 3-52, at 7-8; S. Hackel, 'Diaspora Problems of the Russian Emigration', ibid., 539-57, at 540. J. Shepard, 'The Byzantine Commonwealth 1000-1500', in Angold (ed.), 3-52, at 7-8; S. Hackel, 'Diaspora Problems of the Russian Emigration', ibid., 539-57, at 540.

13 Tyerman, 266. Tyerman, 266.

14 For a fine narrative of all these events, ibid., 501-60. For a fine narrative of all these events, ibid., 501-60.

15 A. Andrea, 'Innocent III, the Fourth Crusade, and the Coming Apocalypse', in S. J. Ridyard (ed.), A. Andrea, 'Innocent III, the Fourth Crusade, and the Coming Apocalypse', in S. J. Ridyard (ed.), The Medieval Crusade The Medieval Crusade (Woodbridge, 2004), 97-106; quotation at 104 (punctuation modified). (Woodbridge, 2004), 97-106; quotation at 104 (punctuation modified).

16 Hussey, 187. Hussey, 187.