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11. Kraft, On My Way, 17.
12. Burns, Third Time, 3940.
13. Harry Jolson, as told to Alban Emley, Mistah Jolson (Hollywood, 1952), 4350.
14. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers: The Journey of the East European Jews to America and the Life They Found and Made (New York, 1976), 556.
15. Ibid., 558.
16. Eddie Cantor, as told to David Freedman, My Life Is in Your Hands (New York, 1928), 22.
17. Norman Katkov, The Fabulous f.a.n.n.y: The Story of f.a.n.n.y Brice (New York, 1953), 89.
18. Jolson, Mistah Jolson, 4350.
19. Burns, Third Time, 2326.
20. Ibid., 27; Cantor, My Life, 2223; Jolson, Mistah Jolson, 4350.
21. Katkov, Fabulous f.a.n.n.y, 8.
22. Berle, Milton Berle, 5051.
23. National Child Labor Committee, Child Welfare in North Carolina (New York, 1918), 220.
24. Ibid.
25. Harpo Marx with Rowland Barber, Harpo Speaks (New York, 1974), 3233.
26. See, for example, Samuel Chotzinoff, A Lost Paradise (New York, 1955), 2046.
Chapter Five.
1. Jacob A. Riis, "The New York Newsboy," Century Magazine Lx.x.xV (December 1912), 24048.
2. Frank Luther Mott, American Journalism, A History: 16901960, 3rd ed. (New York, 1962), 447; Gunther Barth, City People: The Rise of Modern City Culture in Nineteenth Century America (New York, 1980), 79.
3. William R. Scott, Scientific Circulation Management (New York, 1915), 108.
4. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York, 1982), 12324; Barth, City People, 9092; Edwin Emery, The Press and America: An Interpretative History of Journalism, 2nd ed. (New York, 1962), 404.
5. Barth, City People, 8890; Editor and Publisher, December 21, 1907, 4; Alfred McClung Lee, The Daily Newspaper in America: The Evolution of a Social Instrument (New York, 1937), 28990; Maurice Hexter, "The Newsboys of Cincinnati," Studies from the Helen S. Trounstine Foundation I, no. 4 (January 15, 1919), 12021.
6. Emery, The Press, 516.
7. Editor and Publisher, December 21, 1907, 4.
8. Editor and Publisher, May 24, 1902, 2.
9. Hexter, "Newsboys," 14849.
10. See "Circulation Manager's Column" in Editor and Publisher, March 25, April 13 and 20, May 6 and 27, June 3, July 1, and October 21, 1916.
11. Editor and Publisher, June 30, 1917, part II, 13.
12. Edward Clopper, "Children on the Streets of Cincinnati," Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Child Labor Committee (Supplement to the Annals, 1908), 115.
13. Hexter, "Newsboys," 14849.
14. Joseph Gies, The Colonel of Chicago (New York, 1979), 3237; Wayne Andrews, Battle for Chicago (New York, 1946), 23235; Lloyd Wendt, Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper (Chicago, 1979), 35253; John c.o.o.ney, The Annenbergs: The Salvaging of a Tainted Dynasty (New York, 1982), 3139.
15. Lee, Daily Newspaper, 266.
16. For New York City, see "Memo to George Hall from C. Aronovici, Special Investigator, September 26, 1906," NYCLC, box 31, folder 13, 5; Harry Bremer, "Report of Investigation: New York Newsboy," NCLC, box 4, 2; for Chicago, see [Myron Adams], "Newsboy Conditions in Chicago" j.a.p, 27; for Baltimore, see Lettie Johnston, "Street Trades and Their Regulation," Proceedings of the National Conference of Charities and Correction (1915), 520; for Cincinnati, see Clopper, "Children of Cincinnati," 116; for Dallas, see Civic Federation of Dallas, The Newsboys of Dallas (Dallas, 1921), 3.
17. Research Department, School of Social Economy of Washington University, "The Newsboy of Saint Louis" (St. Louis, n.d.), 10.
18. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Children in Gainful Occupations at the Fourteenth Census of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1924).
19. U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, Child Labor Legislation in the United States (Washington, D.C., 1915), 1213 (Summary Chart No. 1, Table 6).
20. "Saving the Barren Years," in The Child in the City: A Handbook of the Child Welfare Exhibit, 1911, JAMC.
21. Edward Clopper, Child Labor in City Streets (New York, 1912), 35.
22. Hexter, "Newsboys," 122.
23. Anna Reed, Newsboy Service: A Study in Educational and Vocational Guidance (Yonkers, 1917), 2744. Figures for the percentage of newsboys per grade were computed by dividing the number of newsboys per grade by the total number of males per grade.
24. Memo from George Hall, November 15, 1911, NYCLC, box 31, folder 13, 4.
25. Justice Harvey Baker to C. Watson, March 13, 1911, NYCLC, box 31, folder 15.
26. Hexter, "Newsboys," 11819.
27. William Le Roy Zabel, "Street Trades and Juvenile Delinquency" (M.A. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1918), 46; Alexander Fleisher, "The Newsboys of Milwaukee," Fifteenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor and Industrial Statistics, State of Wisconsin (191112), 77; Charles Storey, "Report of Newsboy Investigation in Syracuse," NYCLC, box 31, folder 13, 5.
28. Investigator's report, December 29, 1916, NYCLC, box 31, folder 22.
29. Loraine B. Bush, "Street Trades in Alabama," American Child IV, no. 2 (August 1922), 109.
30. Leonard Benedict, Waifs of the Slums and Their Way Out (New York, 1907), 1067; Mary Aydelott, "Children in Street Trades" (M.A. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1924), 2426; Elsa Wertheim, "Chicago Children in the Street Trades" (1917), JAMC, 59.
31. Fleisher, "Newsboys of Milwaukee," 67.
32. Grace W. Cottrell, "Investigation of the Newsboys of Mount Vernon" (May 14, 1912), NYCLC, box 31, folder 13, 7.
33. Harry Bremer, "Street Trades Investigation" (October 9, 1912), NCLC, box 4, 13, 9.
34. Margaret Kent Beard, "A Study of Newsboys in Yonkers-1920," NYCLC, box 31, folder 27, 7.
35. Lewis W. Hine, "Conditions in Vermont Street Trades, etc.," (December 1916), NCLC.
36. Clopper, Child Labor, 5556.
37. Ibid., 55; Reed, Newsboy Service, 130.
38. Joe E. Brown, as told to Ralph Hanc.o.c.k, Laughter Is a Wonderful Thing (New York, 1956), 1213.
39. Harry Golden, The Right Time: An Autobiography (New York, 1969), 3940.
40. George Burns, The Third Time Around (New York, 1980), 30.
41. Editor and Publisher, July 20, 1918, 37; New York Times, October 4, 1917, 18.
42. Editor and Publisher, June 1, 1918, 21; The Hustler, April 1918, 8.
43. New York Times, August 23, 1912, 8.
44. Editor and Publisher, October 7, 1916, 26.
45. New York Times, May 31, 1911, 10; New York Times, May 26, 1911, 12; Editor and Publisher, June 3, 1916, 16, and October 27, 1917, 27.
46. The Hustler, February 1918, 4.
47. Reed, Newsboy Service, 13536; Fleisher, "Newsboys of Milwaukee," 71.
48. Harry Bremer, "Report of Investigation: New York Newsboy" (1913), NCLC, box 4, 89; see also Fleisher, "Newsboys of Milwaukee," 91.
49. Golden, The Right Time, 55; Chicago Vice Commission, The Social Evil in Chicago (Chicago, 1912), 23839.
50. Mrs. W. J. Norton, "A Study of the Newsboys of Cleveland" (Winter 19089), NYCLC, box 31, folder 15, 5; Florence Kelley, "The Street Trader Under Illinois Law," in Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, ed., The Child in the City (Chicago, 1912), 291.
51. Mott, American Journalism, 48082, 52426, 58485.
52. Bremer, "Street Trades Investigation," 1; Scott Nearing, "The Newsboy at Night in Philadelphia," Charities and Commons XVII (February 2, 1906), 778.
53. Johnston, "Street Trades," 523; William Hard, "De kid wot works at night," Everybody's Magazine XVIII (January 1908), 35; Bremer, "Street Trades Investigation," 1213.
54. Nearing, "Newsboy at Night," 779.
55. Bremer, "New York Newsboy," 2021; see also Storey, "Newsboy in Syracuse," 67.
56. Clopper, Child Labor, 64.
57. Wertheim, "Chicago Children," 4; Bremer, "New York Newsboy," 20.
58. See, e.g., Clopper, Child Labor, 6364.
59. Names and phrases borrowed from the t.i.tles of Horatio Alger novels.
Chapter Six.
1. Betty Smith, A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (New York, 1943), 89.
2. Ibid.
3. Bosley Crowther, Hollywood Rajah: The Life and Times of Louis B. Mayer (New York, 1970), 1720.
4. Juvenile Protective a.s.sociation, Junk Dealing and Juvenile Delinquency (Chicago, n.d.), JAMC, 5.
5. Ma.s.sachusetts Child Labor Committee, Child Scavengers (Boston, n.d.), 2.
6. Martin V. Melosi, Garbage in the Cities: Refuse, Reform, and the Environment, 18801980 (College Station, Texas, 1981), 15960, 153.
7. Charles Zueblin, American Munic.i.p.al Progress, rev. ed. (New York, 1916), 7383; Melosi, Garbage in Cities, 143.
8. Zueblin, Munic.i.p.al Progress, 7781.
9. Melosi, Garbage in Cities, 17075.
10. Ibid., 16162.
11. Sophonisba P. Breckinridge and Edith Abbott, "Housing Conditions in Chicago, Illinois: Back of the Yards," American Journal of Sociology XVI, no. 4 (January 1911), 46465; Howard E. Wilson, Mary McDowell, Neighbor (Chicago, 1928), 14344.
12. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle (1905; reprint, New York, 1960), 2930.
13. Breckinridge and Abbott, "Back of the Yards," 466.
14. See, e.g., Leonard Covello, The Heart Is the Teacher (New York, 1958), 34; Ma.s.sachusetts Child Labor Committee, Child Scavengers, 12.
15. The Children's Aid Society, New York Street Kids (New York, 1978), 44.
16. Perry Duis, "The Saloon and the Public City: Chicago and Boston, 18801920" (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1975), 132.
17. Clifford Shaw, The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy's Own Story (1930; reprint, Chicago, 1966), 5053.
