Children Of The City Part 5

33. Ravage, American in the Making, 60, 6677.

34. Harry Roskolenko, The Time That Was Then: The Lower East Side: 19001913-An Intimate Chronicle (New York, 1971), 97; see also Katherine Anthony, Mothers Who Must Earn (New York, 1914), 9.

35. Roskolenko, Time That Was, 91107; Anthony Sorrentino, Organizing Against Crime: Redeveloping the Neighborhood (New York, 1977), 38.

36. Simon Patten, The New Basis of Civilization (New York, 1913), 23; Waverley Lewis Root, Eating in America: A History (New York, 1976), 234.

37. Root, Eating in America, 23435.

38. Ibid., U. S. Department of Agriculture, Consumption of Food in the United States, 190952 (Washington, D.C., 1953), 109.

39. Susan Stra.s.ser, Never Done: A History of American Housework (New York, 1982), 2729; Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York, 1974), 31516.

40. Stra.s.ser, Never Done, 1623; Boorstin, The Americans, 32224; Root, Eating in America, 188; Patten, New Basis, 20.

41. Patten, New Basis, 19; U. S. Department of Labor, "Women in the Candy Industry in Chicago and St. Louis," in Bulletin of the Women's Bureau, no. 25 (Washington, D.C., 1923), 1; Root, Eating in America, 421.

42. Michael and Ariane Batterberry, On the Town in New York: From 1776 to the Present (New York, 1973), 168; Al Hirshberg and Sammy Aaronson, As High as My Heart: The Sammy Aaronson Story (New York, 1957), 19.

43. Moss Hart, Act One: An Autobiography (New York, 1959), 8.

44. Hy Kraft, On My Way to the Theater (New York, 1971), 13.

45. Charles Zueblin, American Munic.i.p.al Progress, rev. ed. (New York, 1916), 34.

Chapter Two.

1. Theodore Dreiser, The Color of a Great City (New York, 1923), 4445.

2. Henry James, The American Scene (New York, 1946), 13134; Dreiser, Color of a City, 44; Robert Woods, ed., The City Wilderness: A Settlement Study (Boston, 1898), 235.

3. See, for example, Homer Hoyt, One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago (Chicago, 1933).

4. Madison (Wis.) Board of Commerce, Madison Recreation Survey (Madison, 1915), 7; see also Roderick Duncan McKenzie, The Neighborhood: A Study of Local Life in the City of Columbus, Ohio (Chicago, 1923), 604.

5. Oral history of Frank Broska, IC, 19.

6. See, for example, "The Pre-Adolescent Girl in Her Home," LDT, box 7, folder 4, 11.

7. Catharine Brody, "A New York Childhood," The American Mercury XIV (1928), 57.

8. Mike Gold, Jews Without Money (1930; reprint, New York, 1965), 38 39.

9. Iona and Peter Opie, Children's Games in Street and Playground (London, 1969), 11; Colin Ward, The Child in the City (New York, 1978), 97.

10. Johan Huizinga, h.o.m.o Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston, 1955), 10.

11. Harry Roskolenko, The Time That Was Then: The Lower East Side: 19001913-An Intimate Chronicle (New York, 1971), 24; Gold, Jews Without Money, 31.

12. Opie, Children's Games, 10.

13. Gold, Jews Without Money, 28.

14. Harpo Marx with Rowland Barber, Harpo Speaks (New York, 1974), 36.

15. John Collier and Edward M. Barrows, The City Where Crime Is Play: A Report by the People's Inst.i.tute (New York, 1914), 1418.

16. Jane Addams, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (1909; reprint, New York, 1972), 5557; on "juvenile justice," see also Anthony M. Platt, The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency (Chicago, 1969); Ellen Ryerson, The Best-Laid Plans: America's Juvenile Court Experiment (New York, 1978), 3577.

17. Collier and Barrows, The City, 18; Alan Levy, The Bluebird of Happiness: The Memoirs of Jan Peerce (New York, 1976), 46.

18. Gold, Jews Without Money, 28.

19. Eddie Cantor, as told to David Freeman, My Life Is in Your Hands (New York, 1928), 50; Charles Angoff, When I Was a Boy in Boston (New York, 1947), 9798.

20. Philip Davis, Street-land: Its Little People and Big Problems (Boston, 1915), 28; Woods, City Wilderness, 235.

21. Marx, Harpo, 1718, 2728.

22. Samuel Ornitz, Haunch, Paunch, and Jowl: An Anonymous Autobiography (New York, 1923), 3031.

23. Frederick Thrasher, The Gang: A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago, 2nd rev. ed. (Chicago, 1936), 288.

24. Huizinga, h.o.m.o Ludens, 1112; Opie, Children's Games, 24.

25. Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive (New York, 1982), 14042, 15253; Brody, "New York Childhood," 5760; Sophie Ruskay, Horsecars and Cobblestones (New York, 1973), 4144.

26. Collier and Barrows, The City, 27, 4244; John Chase, "Street Games of New York City," Pedagogical Seminary XII (1905), 5034; Joseph E. Lee, "Play and Congestion," Charities and the Commons XX (April 4, 1908), 4345; Samuel Chotzinoff, A Lost Paradise (New York, 1955), 8490.

27. George Burns, The Third Time Around (New York, 1980), 910.

28. Gold, Jews Without Money, 3236; Chotzinoff, Lost Paradise, 8490.

29. Burns, Third Time Around, 11.

30. Brody, "New York Childhood," 57; Oral history of Celia Blazek, CP, 1011; Jerre Mangione, Mount Allegro (New York, 1972), 23; Milton Berle with Haskel Frankel, Milton Berle (New York, 1974), 2526.

31. Thrasher, The Gang, 28, 215.

32. Ibid., 3536.

33. Oral history of William Gropper, AJC, tape 1, 1516.

34. See, for example, Ornitz, Haunch, Paunch, 18, 3537, 4851.

35. Thrasher, The Gang, 194.

36. Chotzinoff, Lost Paradise, 86; Marx, Harpo, 3536.

37. J. Alvin Kugelma.s.s, Ralph J. Bunche: Fighter for Peace (New York, 1962), 2730; Harry Golden, The Right Time: An Autobiography (New York, 1969), 49.

38. Marx, Harpo, 3536; Burns, Third Time Around, 31.

39. For Cleveland, see Henry W. Thurston, Delinquency and Spare Time (Cleveland, 1918), 3435; for New York City, see Chotzinoff, Lost Paradise, 84.

40. Thurston, Delinquency, 2425.

41. David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 18701920 (Madison, Wis., 1983), 3536.

42. Simon Patten, The New Basis of Civilization (New York, 1913), 52.

43. Otto T. Mallery, "The Social Significance of Play," Annals x.x.xV (JanuaryJune 1910), 156; Macleod, Building Character, 6671.

44. Roy Rosenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 18701920 (Cambridge, England, 1983), 15051.

45. Rosenzweig, Eight Hours, 149; Henry S. Curtis, "Provision and Responsibility for Playgrounds," Annals x.x.xV (JanuaryJune 1910), 342.

46. See special issue of Annals on "parks movement": Annals x.x.xV (JanuaryJune 1910), 30470.

47. City Club, Amus.e.m.e.nts and Recreation in Milwaukee (Milwaukee, 1914), 10; Rowland Haynes and Stanley Davies, Public Provision for Recreation (Cleveland, 1920), 2324; Collier and Barrows, The City, 11.

48. Huizinga, h.o.m.o Ludens, 12.

Chapter Three.

1. J. C. Kennedy, Wages and Family Budgets in the Chicago Stockyards District (Chicago, 1914), 6368; Louise Bolard More, Wage-Earners' Budgets: A Study of Standards and Cost of Living in New York City (New York, 1907); Louise C. Odencrantz, Italian Women in Industry (New York, 1919), 1821; Louise C. Odencrantz and Zenas L. Potter, Industrial Conditions in Springfield, Illinois (Department of Surveys and Exhibits, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, 1916), VIII:120; Robert Coit Chapin, The Standard of Living Among Working Men's Families in New York City (New York, 1909), 55; Virginia Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community: Italian Immigrants in Buffalo, 18801930 (Ithaca, 1977), 161.

2. Odencrantz and Potter, Springfield, 120; Kennedy, Wages and Budgets, 68.

3. Odencrantz, Italian Women, 1819; Yans-McLaughlin, Family and Community, 3843.

4. U.S. Congress, Senate, Reports of the Immigration Commission (Washington, D.C., 1911), 11:388.

5. David Montgomery, Workers' Control in America (Cambridge, England, 1979), 41.

6. John Bodnar, Roger Simon, and Michael P. Weber, Lives of Their Own: Blacks, Italians, and Poles in Pittsburgh, 19001960 (Urbana, 1982), 89108; Elizabeth H. Pleck, "A Mother's Wages: Income Earning Among Married Italian and Black Women, 18961911," in Michael Gordon, ed., The American Family in Social-Historical Perspective, 2nd ed. (New York, 1978), 490510.

7. John Gillis, Youth and History: Tradition and Change in European Age Relations, 1770Present, Expanded Student Edition (New York, 1981), 5761.

8. Paul Boyer, Urban Ma.s.ses and Moral Order in America, 18201920 (Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1978), 96; Thomas Bender, Toward an Urban Vision: Ideas and Inst.i.tutions in Nineteenth-Century America (Baltimore, 1982), 140.

9. Bender, Urban Vision, 147149.

10. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Children in Gainful Occupations at the Fourteenth Census of the United States (Washington, D.C., 1924), 1828; U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Comparative Occupation Statistics for the United States, 18701940," by Alba Edwards (Washington, D.C., 1943), 9192; Paul Osterman, "Education and Labor Markets at the Turn of the Century," Politics and Society IX, no. 1 (1979), 10322; Selwyn Troen, "The Discovery of the Adolescent by American Educational Reformers, 19001920: An Economic Perspective," in Lawrence Stone, ed., Schooling and Society (Baltimore, 1976), 23951.

11. Troen, in Stone, Schooling and Society, 24142; New York Factory Investigating Commission, Second Report of the Factory Investigating Commission (1913), I:266.

12. Robert S. and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown: A Study in American Culture (1929; reprint, New York, 1956), 4042; Osterman, Education and Labor, 11315.

13. See, for example, National Industrial Conference Board, The Employment of Young Persons in the United States (New York, 1925); Ma.s.sachusetts Commission on Industrial and Technical Education, Report (Boston, 1906), 46.

14. Committee on Industrial Welfare of the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce, A Report on the Problem of the Subst.i.tution of Women for Man Power in Industry (Cleveland, 1918), 25, 29; Isaac A. Hourwich, Immigration and Labor. The Economic Aspects of European Immigration to the United States (New York, 1912), 31824.

15. U. S. Bureau of the Census, "Children in Gainful Occupations," 19.

16. Lynd and Lynd, Middletown, 30.

17. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, School Attendance in 1920, by Frank Alexander Ross (Washington, D.C., 1924), 189, 190, 181; National Center for Educational Statistics, Digest of Educational Statistics (Washington, D.C., 1980), 44; David Hogan, "Education and the Making of the Chicago Working Cla.s.s, 18801930," History of Education Quarterly XVIII (Fall 1978), 228.

Chapter Four.

1. Alan Levy, The Bluebird of Happiness: The Memoirs of Jan Peerce (New York, 1976), 34.

2. Harry Golden, The Right Time: An Autobiography (New York, 1969), 55.

3. Hy Kraft, On My Way to the Theater (New York, 1971), 18.

4. Investigator's report on Theodore Waterman, NYCLC, box 31, folder 9; Milton Berle with Haskel Frankel, Milton Berle (New York, 1974), 66; Eddie Cantor with Jane Kesner Ardmore, Take My Life (Garden City, 1957), 15.

5. Harry Roskolenko, The Time That Was Then: The Lower East Side: 19001913-An Intimate Chronicle (New York, 1971), 32; James Cagney, Cagney by Cagney (New York, 1977), 31; George Burns, The Third Time Around (New York, 1980), 23.

6. Investigator's report on Nicholas Giordano, NYCLC, box 31, folder 9.

7. Edward Clopper, "Children on the Streets of Cincinnati," Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the National Child Labor Committee (Supplement to the Annals, 1908), 11718.

8. M. E. Ravage, An American in the Making: The Life Story of an Immigrant (1917; reprint, New York, 1971), 9799.

9. Mark Sullivan, Our Times, 19001925, vol. IV. The War Begins, 19091914 (1932; reprint, New York, 1972), 88.

10. Bessie Turner Kriesberg, "Autobiography," YIVO, 286.