Brain On Fire: My Month Of Madness Part 20

4 "That's nice to have at seven in the morning": "Basking in Basque Country," "That's nice to have at seven in the morning": "Basking in Basque Country," Spain... on the Road Again, Spain... on the Road Again, PBS, New York, original broadcast date October 18, 2008. PBS, New York, original broadcast date October 18, 2008.

CHAPTER 8: OUT-OF-BODY EXPERIENCE

5 complex partial seizures: Epilepsy Foundation, "Temporal Lobe Epilepsy," complex partial seizures: Epilepsy Foundation, "Temporal Lobe Epilepsy," Epilepsyfoundation.org, http://www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutepilepsy/syndromes/temporallobeepilepsy.cfm (accessed March 1, 2011). Temkin Owsei, (accessed March 1, 2011). Temkin Owsei, The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971). (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971).

6 range from a "Christmas morning": Alice W. Flaherty, range from a "Christmas morning": Alice W. Flaherty, The Midnight Disease: The Drive to Write, Writer's Block and the Creative Brain The Midnight Disease: The Drive to Write, Writer's Block and the Creative Brain (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 27. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004), 27.

7 religious experiences: Akira Ogata and Taihei Miyakawa, "Religious Experience in Epileptic Patients with Focus on Ictal-Related Episodes," religious experiences: Akira Ogata and Taihei Miyakawa, "Religious Experience in Epileptic Patients with Focus on Ictal-Related Episodes," Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 52 (1998): 321325, 52 (1998): 321325, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.14401819.1998.00397.x/pdf.

8 A small subset of those with temporal lobe epilepsy: Shahar Arzy, Gregor Thut, Christine Mohr, Christoph M. Michel, and Olaf Blanke, "Neural Basis of Embodiment: Distinct Contributions of Temporoparietal Junction and Extrastriate Body Area," A small subset of those with temporal lobe epilepsy: Shahar Arzy, Gregor Thut, Christine Mohr, Christoph M. Michel, and Olaf Blanke, "Neural Basis of Embodiment: Distinct Contributions of Temporoparietal Junction and Extrastriate Body Area," Journal of Neuroscience Journal of Neuroscience 26 (2006): 80748081. 26 (2006): 80748081.

CHAPTER 9: A TOUCH OF MADNESS

9 best places to live in America by best places to live in America by Money Money magazine: magazine: CNN Money, CNN Money, "Best Places to Live: 2005," "Best Places to Live: 2005," Money.CNN.com, http://money.cnn.com/magazines/moneymag/bplive/2005/snapshots/30683.html (accessed Thursday, April 12, 2012). (accessed Thursday, April 12, 2012).

10 "a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in moods": National Inst.i.tutes of Health, "Bipolar Disorder," NIH.gov, "a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in moods": National Inst.i.tutes of Health, "Bipolar Disorder," NIH.gov, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/nimh-bipolar-adults.pdf (accessed March 14, 2009). (accessed March 14, 2009).

11 Jim Carrey, Winston Churchill, Mark Twain, Vivien Leigh, Ludwig van Beethoven, Tim Burton: Jim Carrey, Winston Churchill, Mark Twain, Vivien Leigh, Ludwig van Beethoven, Tim Burton: Bipolar Disorder Today, Bipolar Disorder Today, "Famous People with Bipolar Disorder," "Famous People with Bipolar Disorder," Mental-Health-Today.com,http://www.mental-health-today.com/bp/famous_people.htm (accessed March 14, 2009). (accessed March 14, 2009).

CHAPTER 15: THE CAPGRAS DELUSION

12 her husband had become a "double": Orin Devinsky, "Delusional Misidentifications and Duplications," her husband had become a "double": Orin Devinsky, "Delusional Misidentifications and Duplications," Neurology Neurology 72 (2009): 8087. 72 (2009): 8087.

13 revealed that Capgras delusions: Jad Ab.u.mrad and Robert Krulwich, "Seeing Imposters: When Loved Ones Suddenly Aren't," NPR, March 30, 2010, revealed that Capgras delusions: Jad Ab.u.mrad and Robert Krulwich, "Seeing Imposters: When Loved Ones Suddenly Aren't," NPR, March 30, 2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=124745692 (accessed May 4, 2011). V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, (accessed May 4, 2011). V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (New York: Morrow, 1998), 161171. (New York: Morrow, 1998), 161171.

CHAPTER 16: POSTICTAL FURY

14 twelve hours or as long as three months: Orin Devinsky, "Postictal Psychosis: Common, Dangerous, and Treatable," twelve hours or as long as three months: Orin Devinsky, "Postictal Psychosis: Common, Dangerous, and Treatable," Epilepsy Currents, Epilepsy Currents, February 26, 2008, 3134. Kenneth Alper et al., "Premorbid Psychiatric Risk Factors for Postictal Psychosis," February 26, 2008, 3134. Kenneth Alper et al., "Premorbid Psychiatric Risk Factors for Postictal Psychosis," Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 13 (2001): 492499. Akira Ogata and Taihei Miyakawa, "Religious Experience in Epileptic Patients with Focus on Ictal-Related Episodes," 13 (2001): 492499. Akira Ogata and Taihei Miyakawa, "Religious Experience in Epileptic Patients with Focus on Ictal-Related Episodes," Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 52 (1998): 321325. 52 (1998): 321325.

15 "postictal fury": S. J. Logsdail and B. K. Toone, "Post-Ictal Psychoses: A Clinical and Phenomenological Description," "postictal fury": S. J. Logsdail and B. K. Toone, "Post-Ictal Psychoses: A Clinical and Phenomenological Description," British Journal of Psychiatry British Journal of Psychiatry 152 (1988): 246252. 152 (1988): 246252.

16 A quarter of psychotic people: Michael Trimble, Andy Kanner, and Bettina Schmitz, "Postictal Psychosis," A quarter of psychotic people: Michael Trimble, Andy Kanner, and Bettina Schmitz, "Postictal Psychosis," Epilepsy and Behavior Epilepsy and Behavior 19 (2010): 159161. 19 (2010): 159161.

CHAPTER 17: MULTIPLE PERSONALITY DISORDER

17 I was within the age range for psychotic breaks: The New York Times Health Guide, "Schizophrenia," I was within the age range for psychotic breaks: The New York Times Health Guide, "Schizophrenia," Health.nytimes.com, http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/schizophrenia/risk-factors.html (accessed February 20, 2010). (accessed February 20, 2010).

18 dissociative ident.i.ty disorder (DID): "Dissociative Ident.i.ty Disorder," in American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, dissociative ident.i.ty disorder (DID): "Dissociative Ident.i.ty Disorder," in American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (Text Revision) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (Text Revision) (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, 2 000), 526529. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, 2 000), 526529.

19 On of a scale from 1 (most dire cases) to 100: "Bipolar Disorder," in ibid. On of a scale from 1 (most dire cases) to 100: "Bipolar Disorder," in ibid.

CHAPTER 18: BREAKING NEWS

20 "Like a bolt from the blue": P. A. Pichot, "A Comparison of Different National Concepts of Schizoaffective Psychosis," in "Like a bolt from the blue": P. A. Pichot, "A Comparison of Different National Concepts of Schizoaffective Psychosis," in Schizoaffective Psychoses Schizoaffective Psychoses (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986), 816. A. Marneros and M. T. Tsuang, "Schizoaffective Questions and Directions," in (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986), 816. A. Marneros and M. T. Tsuang, "Schizoaffective Questions and Directions," in Schizoaffective Psychoses Schizoaffective Psychoses (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986). (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986).

21 "uninterrupted period of illness during": American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, "uninterrupted period of illness during": American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (Text Revision) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (Text Revision) (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, 2000), 319323. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric a.s.sociation, 2000), 319323.

CHAPTER 21: DEATH WITH INTERRUPTIONS

22 In 1933, a bicycle struck seven-year-old Henry Gustav Molaison: Luke Dittrich, "The Brain That Changed Everything," In 1933, a bicycle struck seven-year-old Henry Gustav Molaison: Luke Dittrich, "The Brain That Changed Everything," Esquire.com, October 5, 2010, www.esquire.com/features/henry-molaison-brain-1110 (accessed May 8, 2011). "Histopathological Examination of the Brain of Amnesiac Patient H.M.," (accessed May 8, 2011). "Histopathological Examination of the Brain of Amnesiac Patient H.M.," Brain Observatory, Brain Observatory, August 18, 2010, August 18, 2010, http://thebrain.o.bservatory.ucsd.edu/content/histopathological-examination-brain-amnesic-patient-hm (accessed May 8, 2011). William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner, "Loss of Recent Memory after Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions," (accessed May 8, 2011). William Beecher Scoville and Brenda Milner, "Loss of Recent Memory after Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions," Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 20 (1957): 1121. Benedict Carey, "H.M., an Unforgettable Amnesiac, Dies at 82," 20 (1957): 1121. Benedict Carey, "H.M., an Unforgettable Amnesiac, Dies at 82," New York Times, New York Times, December 5, 2008, December 5, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/05/us/05hm.html?pagewanted=all (accessed May 8, 2011). (accessed May 8, 2011).

23 "Clive was under the constant impression": Deborah Wearing, "Clive was under the constant impression": Deborah Wearing, Forever Today: A True Story of Lost Memory and Never-Ending Love Forever Today: A True Story of Lost Memory and Never-Ending Love (London: Corgi, 2006). (London: Corgi, 2006).

24 "I haven't heard anything": Oliver Sacks, "The Abyss: Music and Amnesia," "I haven't heard anything": Oliver Sacks, "The Abyss: Music and Amnesia," New Yorker, New Yorker, September 24, 2007, September 24, 2007, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/09/24/070924fa_fact_sacks (accessed September 13, 2011). (accessed September 13, 2011).

CHAPTER 22: A BEAUTIFUL MESS

25 At the top of the spinal cord and at the underside of the brain: Michael O'Shea, At the top of the spinal cord and at the underside of the brain: Michael O'Shea, The Brain: A Very Short Introduction The Brain: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, The Human Brain Book The Human Brain Book (London: DK Adult, 2009). Stephen G. Waxman, (London: DK Adult, 2009). Stephen G. Waxman, Clinical Neuroanatomy, Twenty-Sixth Edition Clinical Neuroanatomy, Twenty-Sixth Edition (New York: McGraw Hill, 2010). (New York: McGraw Hill, 2010).

26 "The brain is a monstrous, beautiful mess": William F. Allman, "The brain is a monstrous, beautiful mess": William F. Allman, Apprentices of Wonder: Inside the Neural Network Revolution Apprentices of Wonder: Inside the Neural Network Revolution (New York: Bantam, 1989), 3. (New York: Bantam, 1989), 3.

CHAPTER 24: IVIG

27 IVIG is made up of serum antibodies: Falk Nimmerjahn and Jeffrey V. Ravetch, "The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of IgG: The Intravenous IgG Paradox," IVIG is made up of serum antibodies: Falk Nimmerjahn and Jeffrey V. Ravetch, "The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of IgG: The Intravenous IgG Paradox," Journal of Experimental Medicine Journal of Experimental Medicine 204 (2007): 1115. Arturo Casadevall, Ekaterina Dadachova, and Liise-Anne Pirofski, "Pa.s.sive Antibody Therapy for Infectious Diseases," 204 (2007): 1115. Arturo Casadevall, Ekaterina Dadachova, and Liise-Anne Pirofski, "Pa.s.sive Antibody Therapy for Infectious Diseases," Nature Reviews Microbiology Nature Reviews Microbiology 2 (2004): 695703. Noah S. Scheinfeld, "Intravenous Immunoglobulin," 2 (2004): 695703. Noah S. Scheinfeld, "Intravenous Immunoglobulin," Medscape Reference, Medscape Reference, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/210367-overview (accessed May 8, 2011). (accessed May 8, 2011).

28 Antibodies are created by the body's immune system: John M. Dwyer, Antibodies are created by the body's immune system: John M. Dwyer, The Body at War: The Story of Our Immune System The Body at War: The Story of Our Immune System (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 2852. S. Jane Flint, Lynn W. Enquist, Vincent R. Racaniello, and A. M. Skalka, (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 2852. S. Jane Flint, Lynn W. Enquist, Vincent R. Racaniello, and A. M. Skalka, Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses, Third Edition Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses, Third Edition (Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, 2009), 86130. Noel R. Rose and Ian R. Mackay, eds., (Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, 2009), 86130. Noel R. Rose and Ian R. Mackay, eds., The Autoimmune Diseases, Fourth Edition The Autoimmune Diseases, Fourth Edition (St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier, 2006). Lauren Sompayrac, (St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier, 2006). Lauren Sompayrac, How the Immune System Works, Third Edition How the Immune System Works, Third Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Ma.s.soud Mahmoudi, (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Ma.s.soud Mahmoudi, Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself (New York: Morrow, 2004). (New York: Morrow, 2004).

29 ten days versus the innate system's minutes or hours: Vincent Racaniello, "Innate Immune Defenses," Virology.ws, ten days versus the innate system's minutes or hours: Vincent Racaniello, "Innate Immune Defenses," Virology.ws, http://www.virology.ws/2009/06/03/innate-immune-defenses (accessed March 11, 2010). Vincent Racaniello, "Adaptive Immune Defenses," Virology.ws, (accessed March 11, 2010). Vincent Racaniello, "Adaptive Immune Defenses," Virology.ws, http://www.virology.ws/2009/07/03/adaptive-immune-defenses (accessed March 11, 2010). (accessed March 11, 2010).

30 collateral damage of these internal battles: Lauren Sompayrac, collateral damage of these internal battles: Lauren Sompayrac, How the Immune System Works, Third Edition How the Immune System Works, Third Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Ma.s.soud Mahmoudi, (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Ma.s.soud Mahmoudi, Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself (New York: Morrow, 2004). (New York: Morrow, 2004).

31 plasma cells that create antibodies: John M. Dwyer, plasma cells that create antibodies: John M. Dwyer, The Body at War: The Story of Our Immune System The Body at War: The Story of Our Immune System (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 2852. S. Jane Flint, Lynn W. Enquist, Vincent R. Racaniello, and A. M. Skalka, (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 2852. S. Jane Flint, Lynn W. Enquist, Vincent R. Racaniello, and A. M. Skalka, Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses, Third Edition Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses, Third Edition (Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, 2009), 86130. Noel R. Rose and Ian R. Mackay, eds., (Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, 2009), 86130. Noel R. Rose and Ian R. Mackay, eds., The Autoimmune Diseases: Fourth Edition The Autoimmune Diseases: Fourth Edition (St. Louis: Elsevier, 2006). Lauren Sompayrac, (St. Louis: Elsevier, 2006). Lauren Sompayrac, How the Immune System Works, Third Edition How the Immune System Works, Third Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Ma.s.soud Mahmoudi, (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Ma.s.soud Mahmoudi, Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself (New York: Morrow, 2004). (New York: Morrow, 2004).

32 WIRED 'N MIRED: Brendan T. Carroll, Christopher Thomas, Kameshwari Jayanti, John M. Hawkins, and Carrie Burbage, "Treating Persistent Catatonia When Benzodiazepines Fail," WIRED 'N MIRED: Brendan T. Carroll, Christopher Thomas, Kameshwari Jayanti, John M. Hawkins, and Carrie Burbage, "Treating Persistent Catatonia When Benzodiazepines Fail," Current Psychiatry Current Psychiatry 4 (2005): 59. 4 (2005): 59.

CHAPTER 26: THE CLOCK

33 Although developed in the mid-1950s: Ja.n.u.s Kremer, "Clock Drawing in Dementia: A Critical Review," Although developed in the mid-1950s: Ja.n.u.s Kremer, "Clock Drawing in Dementia: A Critical Review," Revista Neurologica Argentina Revista Neurologica Argentina 27 (2002): 223227. 27 (2002): 223227.

34 The healthy brain enables vision: Francesco Pavani, Elisabetta Ladavas, and Jon Driver, "Auditory and Multisensory Aspects of Visuospatial Neglect," The healthy brain enables vision: Francesco Pavani, Elisabetta Ladavas, and Jon Driver, "Auditory and Multisensory Aspects of Visuospatial Neglect," Trends in Cognitive Sciences Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2008): 407414. V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, 7 (2008): 407414. V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (New York: Morrow, 1998), 115125. V. S. Ramachandran, (New York: Morrow, 1998), 115125. V. S. Ramachandran, The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human (New York: Norton, 2011), 121. Michael O'Shea, (New York: Norton, 2011), 121. Michael O'Shea, The Brain: A Very Short Introduction The Brain: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, The Human Brain Book The Human Brain Book (London: DK Adult, 2009). Stephen G. Waxman, (London: DK Adult, 2009). Stephen G. Waxman, Clinical Neuroanatomy, Twenty-Sixth Edition Clinical Neuroanatomy, Twenty-Sixth Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010). (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010).

35 visual indifference: V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, visual indifference: V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (New York: Morrow, 1998), 118. (New York: Morrow, 1998), 118.

CHAPTER 28: SHADOWBOXER

36 The blood-brain barrier (BBB): Davis Lab, "History of the Blood Brain Barrier," University of Arizona, The blood-brain barrier (BBB): Davis Lab, "History of the Blood Brain Barrier," University of Arizona, http://davislab.med.arizona.edu/content/history-blood-brain-barrier (accessed April 23, 2011). (accessed April 23, 2011).

37 These steroids, called corticosteroids: Julia C. Buckingham, "Glucocorticoids: Exemplars of Multi-Tasking," These steroids, called corticosteroids: Julia C. Buckingham, "Glucocorticoids: Exemplars of Multi-Tasking," British Journal of Pharmacology British Journal of Pharmacology 147 (2006): S258-S268. Mayo Clinic Staff, "Prednisone and Other Corticosteroids: Balance the Risks and Benefits," 147 (2006): S258-S268. Mayo Clinic Staff, "Prednisone and Other Corticosteroids: Balance the Risks and Benefits," MayoClinic.com, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/steriods/HQ01431 (accessed May 8, 2011). Peter J. Barnes, "How Corticosteroids Control Inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005," (accessed May 8, 2011). Peter J. Barnes, "How Corticosteroids Control Inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005," British Journal of Pharmacology British Journal of Pharmacology 148 (2006): 245254. 148 (2006): 245254.

CHAPTER 29: DALMAU'S DISEASE

38 paraneoplastic syndrome: National Inst.i.tute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, "NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndrome Information Page," National Inst.i.tutes of Health, paraneoplastic syndrome: National Inst.i.tute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, "NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndrome Information Page," National Inst.i.tutes of Health, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/paraneoplastic/paraneoplastic.htm (accessed March 2, 2011). Roberta Vitaliani, Warren Mason, Beau Ances, Theodore Zwerdling, Zhilong Jiang, and Josep Dalmau, "Paraneoplastic Encephalitis, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Hypoventilation in Ovarian Teratomas," (accessed March 2, 2011). Roberta Vitaliani, Warren Mason, Beau Ances, Theodore Zwerdling, Zhilong Jiang, and Josep Dalmau, "Paraneoplastic Encephalitis, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Hypoventilation in Ovarian Teratomas," Annals of Neurology Annals of Neurology 58 (2005): 594604. 58 (2005): 594604.

39 NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate acid) receptors are vital to learning: David J. Linden, NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate acid) receptors are vital to learning: David J. Linden, The Accidental Mind: How Brain Evolution Has Given Us Love, Memory, Dreams and G.o.d The Accidental Mind: How Brain Evolution Has Given Us Love, Memory, Dreams and G.o.d (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 107144. Fei Li and Joe Z. Tsien, "Memory and NMDA Receptors," (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 107144. Fei Li and Joe Z. Tsien, "Memory and NMDA Receptors," New England Journal of Medicine New England Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 302303. 361 (2009): 302303.

40 "knockout mice" without NMDA receptors: Wade Roush, "New Knockout Mice Point to Molecular Basis of Memory," "knockout mice" without NMDA receptors: Wade Roush, "New Knockout Mice Point to Molecular Basis of Memory," Science Science 275 (1997), 275 (1997), www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/molbio/restricted/knockbrain/BrainKO.html (accessed May 18, 2011). Zhenzhong Cui, Huimin w.a.n.g, Yuansheng Tan, Kimberly A. Zaia, Shuqin Zhang, and Joe Z. Tsein, "Inducible and Reversible NR1 Knockout Reveals Crucial Role of the NMDA Receptor in Preserving Remote Memories in the Brain," (accessed May 18, 2011). Zhenzhong Cui, Huimin w.a.n.g, Yuansheng Tan, Kimberly A. Zaia, Shuqin Zhang, and Joe Z. Tsein, "Inducible and Reversible NR1 Knockout Reveals Crucial Role of the NMDA Receptor in Preserving Remote Memories in the Brain," Neuron Neuron 41 (2004): 781793. Laure Rondi-Reig, Megan Libbey, Howard Eichenbaum, and Susumu Tonegawa, "CA1-Specific NMDA Receptor Knockout Mice Are Deficient in Solving Nonspatial Transverse Patterning Task," 41 (2004): 781793. Laure Rondi-Reig, Megan Libbey, Howard Eichenbaum, and Susumu Tonegawa, "CA1-Specific NMDA Receptor Knockout Mice Are Deficient in Solving Nonspatial Transverse Patterning Task," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (2001): 35433548. 98 (2001): 35433548.

41 This second article identified twelve women: Josep Dalmau et al., "Paraneoplastic Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis a.s.sociated with Ovarian Teratoma," This second article identified twelve women: Josep Dalmau et al., "Paraneoplastic Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis a.s.sociated with Ovarian Teratoma," Annals of Neurology Annals of Neurology 61 (2007): 2536. 61 (2007): 2536.

CHAPTER 31: THE BIG REVEAL

42 For 70 percent of patients, the disorder begins innocuously, with normal flulike symptoms: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," For 70 percent of patients, the disorder begins innocuously, with normal flulike symptoms: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," Lancet Neurology Lancet Neurology 10 (2011): 6374. 10 (2011): 6374.

43 75 percent of patients recover fully or maintain only mild side effects: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," 75 percent of patients recover fully or maintain only mild side effects: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," Lancet Neurology Lancet Neurology 10 (2011): 6374. 10 (2011): 6374.

44 late 1800s, a German doctor christened it "teratoma": Elizabeth Svoboda, "Monster Tumors Show Scientific Potential in War against Cancer," late 1800s, a German doctor christened it "teratoma": Elizabeth Svoboda, "Monster Tumors Show Scientific Potential in War against Cancer," New York Times, New York Times, June 6, 2006, June 6, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/06/health/06tera.html (accessed May 1, 2011). (accessed May 1, 2011).

CHAPTER 33: HOMECOMING

45 stages of recovery often occur in reverse order: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," stages of recovery often occur in reverse order: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," Lancet Neurology Lancet Neurology 10 (2011): 6374. 10 (2011): 6374.

CHAPTER 34: CALIFORNIA DREAMIN'

46 Swedish dairy cream separator created in the late 1800s: T. J. Hamblin, "Apheresis Therapy: Spin-Drying the Blood," Swedish dairy cream separator created in the late 1800s: T. J. Hamblin, "Apheresis Therapy: Spin-Drying the Blood," British Medical Journal British Medical Journal 285 (1982): 11361137. Dianne M. Cearlock and David Gerteisen, "Therapeutic Plasmapheresis for Autoimmune Diseases: Advances and Outcomes," 285 (1982): 11361137. Dianne M. Cearlock and David Gerteisen, "Therapeutic Plasmapheresis for Autoimmune Diseases: Advances and Outcomes," Medical Laboratory Observer, Medical Laboratory Observer, November 2010, November 2010, http://www.mlo-online.com/articles/nov00.pdf (accessed May 2011). (accessed May 2011).

CHAPTER 39: WITHIN NORMAL LIMITS

47 Often those with neurological issues cannot readily identify: Rhawn Joseph, Often those with neurological issues cannot readily identify: Rhawn Joseph, Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, Clinical Neuroscience Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, Clinical Neuroscience (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 2000), (Orlando, Fla.: Academic Press, 2000), http://brainmind.com/Agnosia.html.

CHAPTER 40: UMBRELLA

48 frontal lobes are largely responsible for complex executive functions: Michael O'Shea, frontal lobes are largely responsible for complex executive functions: Michael O'Shea, The Brain: A Very Short Introduction The Brain: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, The Human Brain Book The Human Brain Book (London: DK Adult, 2009). (London: DK Adult, 2009).

49 "ice pick" lobotomy: "My Lobotomy: Henry Dully's Journey," "ice pick" lobotomy: "My Lobotomy: Henry Dully's Journey," All Things Considered, All Things Considered, NPR.org, November 16, 2005, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5014080 (accessed May 13, 2011). Shanna Freeman, "How Lobotomies Work," HowStuffWorks.com, (accessed May 13, 2011). Shanna Freeman, "How Lobotomies Work," HowStuffWorks.com, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/lobotomy3.htm (accessed May 13, 2011). (accessed May 13, 2011).

CHAPTER 43: NDMA