Berlin 1961 Part 36

Clay had never been more convinced: Department of State, Central Files, 762.0221/10-2661: Telegram 835 (Clay to Rusk), October 26, 1961, 1 p.m., mentioned in FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 193.

He outlined how: Department of State, Central Files, 762.0221/10-2561: Telegram 824 (Clay to Department of State), October 25, 1961, 12:34 p.m.; Secretary Ball discussing General Clayas plan: ibid., Doc. 178: Memo from Acting Secretary of State Ball to President Kennedy, Action for Dealing with the Possible Closing of the Friedrichstra.s.se Entry Point into East Berlin, Washington, October 14, 1961; ibid., Doc. 180, Telegram from the Department of State to the Mission at Berlin, Washington, October 18, 1961; National Security Archive, Berlin, Norstad, dated 10/26/1961: Norstad to Clarke (CINCUSAREUR), 36.

aTake our tanksa: Oleg V. Volobuev and Alexei Serov, eds., Nikita Khrushchev: Life and Destiny. Moscow: Novosti Press, 1989, 27; Wyden, Wall, 264.

That said, the Soviets were nervous: Menning, aThe Berlin Crisis of 1961 from the Perspective of the Soviet General Staff,a 141.

Clayas view: Wyden, Wall, 263.

By late October, Bobby: James W. Symington, The Stately Game. New York: Macmillan, 1971, 144; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 499a"500.

The presidentas brother made arrangements: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH, Interview by John Bartlow Martin, March 1, 1964.

Bobby Kennedy recalled: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 403a"404.

The attorney general: JFKL, Robert F. Kennedy OH, Interview by John Bartlow Martin, March 1, 1964; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 500.

On Friday night, October 27: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 197.

After an evening of tension: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 507.

Shortly after 10:30 a.m. on Sat.u.r.day: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, London, October 15a"16, 2008; NPR interview: http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102618942.

EPILOGUE: AFTERSHOCKS.

aI recognize fullya: Harold Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 1961a"1963. New York: Harper & Row, 1973, 182a"183.

aThere are many peoplea: JFKL, Kennedy Speech to Berliners, Rudolph Wilde Platz, West Berlin, June 26, 1963: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03BerlinWall06261963.htm.

The first scene unfolded: http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Detail/id/593928/page/5; Berliner Morgenpost, 08/13/2006; Hilton, The Wall, 164a"168.

At the same timeaSoviet ships: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 412a"415; Taubman, Khrushchev, 549a"551; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 451; Raymond L. Garthoff, Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Inst.i.tution, 1987, 18a"22, 208 (table showing type and numbers of missiles).

Fechteras murder snapped something: aCityas Mood: Anger and Frustration,a New York Times, 08/26/1962.

Meanwhile, over Cuba: Anatoli I. Gribkov and William Y. Smith, aOperation Anadyra: U.S. and Soviet Generals Recount the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chicago: Edition Q, 1994, 5a"7, 24, 26a"57; Taubman, Khrushchev, 550; Fursenko and Naftali, One h.e.l.l of a Gamble, 188a"189, 191a"193.

On August 22, the CIA: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. X, Cuba, January 1961a"September 1962, Doc. 383, Memo from the Presidentas Special a.s.sistant (Schlesinger) to the Presidentas Special a.s.sistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy), Washington, August 22, 1962, CIA, Office of Current Intelligence (OCI), No. 3047/62, Current Intelligence Memo, August 22, 1962: aRecent Soviet Military Aid to Cuba.a Though history would celebrate Kennedy: Arnold L. h.o.r.elick, aThe Cuban Missile Crisis: An a.n.a.lysis of Soviet Calculations and Behavior,a World Politics, 16 (April 1964), 363a"389; Graham T. Allison, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston: Little, Brown, 1971, 40a"56, 102a"117.

With that, the Arkansas senator: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 90; JFKL, Bundya"JFK, August 4, 1961; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 264; Larson, Deborah Welch. Anatomy of Mistrust: U.S.a"Soviet Relations During the Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000, 134.

Without any countervailing presidential statement: Larson, Anatomy of Mistrust, 134.

aWhen the border is closeda: RGANI, Khrushcheva"Ulbricht, August 1, 1961, Doc.u.ment No. 521557, 113a"146. Doc.u.ment and citation graciously provided by Dr. Matthias Uhl.

Critics called Khrushchevas scheme: Arkady N. Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985, 117a"118.

Regarding Cuba: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 536.

Despite all his first-year setbacks: John C. Ausland, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the Berlin-Cuba Crisis, 1961a"1964. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1996, 43a"45; FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 34, Memcon, Bonn, April 13, 1962; also in Department of State, Central Files, 740.5/4-1362, Top Secret, Limit Distribution; Freedman, Kennedyas Wars, 112a"113.

Adenauer no longer could conceal: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer. Vol. 2: The Statesman, 608; Archiv fr Christlich-Demokratische Politik, Krone Diary, April 14, 1962.

He then shot off a brusque note: JFKL, NSF, Germany and Europe, Box 78; Rudolf Morsey and Hans-Peter Schwarz, eds., Adenauer: Briefe, 1961a"1963 (Rhndorfer Ausgabe), ed. Hans Peter Mensing, Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus, Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schoeningh, 2006, 111.

Even as he put in place: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 73, Message from Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, Moscow, undated, but handwritten note: aReceived at White House July 5, 1962a; also see Doc. 76: Memcon Ruska"Dobrynin, July 12, 1962; Department of State, Presidential Correspondence: Lot 77 D 163.

On September 4, Kennedy: Department of State Bulletin, vol. 47 (September 24, 1962), aU.S. Reaffirms Policy on Prevention of Aggressive Actions by Cuba: Statement by President Kennedy,a 450; also National Security Archives, Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedyas Statement on Soviet Military Shipments to Cuba, September 4, 1962.

Two days later, on September 6: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 112, Memcon between Secretary of the Interior Udall and Chairman Khrushchev, Pitsunda, Soviet Union, September 6, 1962.

On October 16, 1962: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XV, Berlin Crisis, 1962a"1963, Doc. 133, Telegram from the Emba.s.sy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, October 16, 1962.

Khrushchev told his new amba.s.sador: aThe Cold War in the Third World and the Collapse of Detente in the 1970s,a aThe Mikoyana"Castro Talks, 4a"5 November 1962: The Cuban Version,a CWIHP-B, No. 8a"9 (1996/1997), 320, 339a"343: http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/ACF199.pdf.

aMy thinking went like thisa: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 493a"494.

Of all Khrushchevas moves linking: John R. Mapother, aBerlin and the Cuban Crisis,a Foreign Intelligence Literary Scene, 12, no. 1 (January 1993), 1a"3; Ray S. Cline, aCommentary: The Cuban Missile Crisis,a Foreign Affairs, 68, no. 4 (Fall 1989), 190a"196.

Said Khrushchev, aThe Americans knewa: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, 500.

aLet me just say a littlea: Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow, eds., The Kennedy Tapes: Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1997, 175.

aI recognize fullya: Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 182a"183.

Kennedy repeated his Berlin concern: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XI, Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath, Doc. 39, Telegram from the Department of State to the Emba.s.sy in the United Kingdom, Washington, October 22, 1962, 12:17 a.m.; Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 186.

In 1962, Kennedy also rejected: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 309.

National Security Advisor Bundy wondered: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 144, 183.

At one point, General Curtis E. LeMay: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 177.

In his October 22 speech: JFKL, Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba, The White House, October 22, 1962: http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/j102262.htm; May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 280.

In his meeting with U.S. amba.s.sador to London: Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 187.

aThatas really the choicea: Macmillan, At the End of the Day, 182, 199; May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 385.

When Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 560.

Khrushchev also rejected: Telegram from Soviet Amba.s.sador to the USA Dobrynin to the USSR MFA, October 23, 1962, reproduced in aThe Cuban Missile Crisis,a CWIHP-B, No. 5 (Spring 1995), 70a"71; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, 582.

On October 27, the presidentas brother: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 192, 274, n. 18.

De Gaulle famously told: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH, no. 1, April 27, 1964, 26.

Adenauer said he would throw his lot: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer, 629a"630; Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 199.

Tellingly, Kennedy rejected the dovish: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes, 256, 283a"286, 388a"389.

General Clay suggested to diplomat: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 203, citing Smyseras conversation with General Clay, Links Club, New York City, November 1962.

Perhaps another million Berliners: Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power, 537; New York Times, 06/26/1963, 06/27/1963.

some in the Kennedy: OaDonnell and Powers, with McCarthy, aJohnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,a 360; Dallek, An Unfinished Life, 624; Robert G. Torricelli and Andrew Carroll, eds., In Our Own Words: Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century. New York: Kodansha America, 1999, 232.

aThere are many peoplea: JFKL, Kennedy Speech to Berliners, Rudolph Wilde Platz, West Berlin, June 26, 1963: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03BerlinWall06261963.htm.

Years later, amateur linguists: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall, 217, 221, from conversation with Heinz Weber, July 10, 2006; and Andreas W. Daum, Kennedy in Berlin. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Inst.i.tute and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 133a"135.

As Kennedy told Ted Sorensen: Sorensen, Kennedy, 601.

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