Berlin 1961 Part 27

aWho possesses Berlina: Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall 1945. New York: Viking, 2002, 139; quoting Archive of the Ministry of Defense (TsAMO) 233/2356/5804, 320a"321.

aBerlin is the most dangerous placea: William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era. New York: W. W. Norton, 2004, 407.

Undaunted by the damp: Russian State Archive for Contemporary History (RGANI), 5/30/367, Bl. 179a"182, Bericht des Verteidungsministeriums an das ZK der KPdSU ber die Situation in Berlin und in der DDR, 28.10. 1961; Matthias Uhl, Krieg um Berlin? Die sowjetische Militr- und Sicherheitspolitik in der zweiten Berlin-Krise 1958 bis 1962. Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2008, 146a"147.

Reporting from the scene: Daniel Schorr, Schorr Script Collection, Ma.n.u.script Division, Library of Congress, Berlin, October 27, 1961.

The situation was sufficiently tense: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, October 15a"16, 2008.

aThe scene is weird, almost incrediblea: Daniel Schorr, Schorr Script Collection, Berlin, October 27, 1961.

Rumors swirled through the crowd: Norman Gelb, The Berlin Walla"Kennedy, Khrushchev, and a Showdown in the Heart of Europe. New York: Dorset Press, 1986, 256; Interview with Vern Pike, November 17, 2008; RIAS (Radio in the American Sector) radio reports, October 25a"28, 1961; retrieved from Chronik-der-Mauer.de.

Clay, who had commanded the 1948: Andrei Cherny, The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and Americaas Finest Hour. New York: G. P. Putnamas Sons, 2008, 253; U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 186, Telegram from the Mission at Berlin to the Department of State, Berlin, October 23, 1961, 2:00 p.m.; Curtis Cate, The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisisa"1961. New York: M. Evans, 1978, 477.

Convinced from personal experience: William R. Smyser, aTanks at Checkpoint Charlie,a The Atlantic Times, October 2005: http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=319; NYT, 10/24/1961; Cate, The Ides of August, 479.

Since then, the communists had fortified: Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 3. Winston Churchill, aaIron Curtaina Speech,a Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, March 5, 1946; as quoted in Katherine A. S. Sibley, The Cold War. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998, 136a"137.

the tank showdown at Checkpoint Charlie: RIAS radio reports, October 25a"28, 1961; Raymond L. Garthoff, aBerlin 1961: The Record Corrected,a Foreign Policy, no. 84 (Fall 1991), 142a"156.

Reuters correspondent Adam Kellett-Long: Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, October 15a"16, 2008.

From there they phoned: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library (JFKL), Lucius D. Clay OH.

aMr. President,a responded Clay: FRUS, 1961a"1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961a"1962, Doc. 195, 196; Cate, The Ides of August, 485a"486.

Between the establishment of the East German state: Berlin Wall Statistics (Der Polizeiprsident von Berlin), chronik-der-mauer.de.

1. KHRUSHCHEV: COMMUNIST IN A HURRY.

aWe have thirty nucleara: Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev 1960a"1963. New York: HarperCollins, 1991, 52; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 449.

aNo matter how gooda: Pravda, no. 2 (15492), February 2, 1961.

At home, Khrushchev was suffering: Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary. New York: W. W. Norton, 2006, 343a"344.

Khrushchev was fond: Dean Rusk, As I Saw It: A Secretary of Stateas Memoirs. London: I. B. Tauris, 1991, 227.

Given Khrushchevas increased capability: Bryant Wedge, aKhrushchev at a Distance: A Study of Public Personality,a Society (Social Science and Modern Society), 5, no. 10 (October 1968), 24a"28.

Another top-secret personality: CIA, Office of Current Intelligence (OCI), No. 2391-61, Copy No. 22.

During the campaign: Arkady N. Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985, 108a"109.

As the countdown: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 106a"107.

Though still vigorously youthful: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 16; Beschloss, The Crisis Years, 47; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 39, 191; Marshall MacDuffie, The Red Carpet: 10,000 Miles Through Russia on a Visa from Khrushchev. New York: W. W. Norton, 1955, 202; Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: The U-2 Affair: The Untold Story of the Greatest USa"USSR Spy Scandal. New York: Harper & Row, 1986, 163a"164, 199.

He recognized many faces: MacDuffie, Red Carpet, 198.

Given his purpose: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 50a"52.

aWe consider the socialista: Pravda, no. 2 (15492), February 2, 1961.

World War IIas battles: Sidney Pollard, The International Economy Since 1945. New York: Routledge, 1997, 2; Leon Clarck, The Beginnings of the Cold Wara"Civilizations Past and Present the Bipolar aNorth,a 1945a"1991, accessed at http://history-world.org/beginnings_of_the_cold_war.htm: aThe Elusive Peacea"Soviet And American Spheres,a Introduction.

That didnat count the millions: William H. Chamberlin, aKhrushchevas War with Stalinas Ghosts,a Russian Review, 21, no. 1 (January 1962), 3a"10.

Khrushchev blamed Stalin: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 332; Nikita S. Khrushchev, aMemuary Nikity Sergeevicha Khrushcheva,a Voprosy Istorii, no. 2 (1995), 76.

Kroll had been born: Hans Kroll, Lebenserinnerungen eines Botschafters. Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch, 1967, 15a"17; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 205a"206.

aUlbricht lobbya: Eberhard Schulz, Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Gert Leptin, and Ulrich Scheuner, GDR Foreign Policy. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1982, 197.

Marta Hillersas only consolation: Anonymous, A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City: A Diary. Translation of Eine Frau in Berlin by Philip Boehm. New York: Picador, 2006; Jens Bisky, aKleine Fussnote zum Untergang des Abendlandes.a Sddeutsche Zeitung, 06/10/2003, 10.

Published for the first time: Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk and Stefan Wolle, Roter Stern ber Deutschland: Sowjetische Truppen in der DDR. Berlin: Christoph Links, 2010, 38.

One such review: Maria Sack, aSchlechter Dienst an der Berlinerin / Bestseller im Auslanda"Ein Verflschender Sonderfall,a Tagesspiegel, 12/06/1959, 35.

The East German relationship: Kowalczuk and Wolle, Roter Stern ber Deutschland, 105.

The East German pity: Silke Satjukow, Besatzer: aDie Russena in Deutschland 1945a"1994. Gttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, 41, 43.

The latest escape: aVopo feuert auf Sowjet-Soldatena"Sie wollten in den Westen,a Bild-Zeitung, 01/04/1958; aSowjets jagen Deserteure,a Abendzeitung (Munich), 01/03/1958.

That dread had grown: Jan Foitzik, Berichte des Hohen Kommissars der UdSSR in Deutschland aus den Jahren 1953/1954, in Machtstrukturen und Entscheidungsmechanismen im SED Staat und die Frage der Verantwortung (Materialien der Enquete-Kommission aAufarbeitung von Geschichte und Folgen der SED-Diktatur in Deutschland,a Band II, 2), Baden-Baden, 1995, 1361; http://www.ddr-wissen.de/wiki/ddr.pl?17._Juni_1953.

2. KHRUSHCHEV: THE BERLIN CRISIS UNFOLDS.

aWest Berlin has turneda: The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, 10, nos. 40a"52 (1958), 17.

aThe next President in his first yeara: Freedom of Communications: Final Report of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, Part III: The Joint Appearances of Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon and Other 1960 Campaign Presentations. 87th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Report No. 994, Part 3. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1961.

Standing at the center: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 396; Nikita S. Khrushchev, For Victory in Peaceful Compet.i.tion with Capitalism. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1960, 38.

aThe time has obviously arriveda: U.S. Department of State, Doc.u.ments on Germany 1944a"1985, Office of the Historian, Khrushchev Address, November 10, 1958. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1985, 542a"546.

The Poles werenat the only surprised: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 195a"211; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 396a"403.

Khrushchev explained to Gomulka: aNew Evidence on the Berlin Crisis 1958a"1962,a aMinutes from the Discussion between the Delegation of the Peopleas Republic of Poland and the Government of the USSRa (October 25a"November 10, 1958), Cold War International History Project Bulletin (CWIHP-B), Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, No. 11 (1998); retrieved from Douglas Selvage, Khrushchevas November 1958 Berlin Ultimatum: New Evidence from the Polish Archives, 200a"203, www.wilsoncenter.org; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 207a"209.

aNow the balance of forcesa: CWIHP-B, No. 11 (1998), in Selvage, Khrushchevas November 1958 Berlin Ultimatum, 202; Matthias Uhl and Vladimir I. Ivkin, aaOperation Atoma: The Soviet Unionas Stationing of Nuclear Missiles in the German Democratic Republic, 1959,a CWIHP-B, No. 12/13 (2001), 299a"307.

What he told his Polish: CWIHP-B, No. 11 (1998), in Selvage, Khrushchevas November 1958 Berlin Ultimatum, 200a"201; Nikita S. Khrushchev, For Victory in Peaceful Compet.i.tion with Capitalism, 738.

He had also: Matthew Evangelista, aaWhy Keep Such an Army?a Khrushchevas Troop Reductions,a CWIHP Working Paper No. 19, Washington, D.C.: December 1997, 4a"5; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 379.

The second source of Khrushchevas: Robert Service, Comrades! A History of World Communism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007, 314; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 148.

The third source of Khrushchevas: Service, Comrades!, 310; Nikita S. Khrushchev, aKhrushchev Remembers, Part III: The Death of Stalin, the Menace of Beria,a Life, December 11, 1970, 54a"72.

At the time, Khrushchev: Hope M. Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Walla"Sovieta"East German Relations. 1953a"1961. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003, 27; Mark Kramer, aThe Early Post-Stalin Succession Struggle and Upheavals in East-Central Europe: Internal-External Linkages in Soviet Policy Making (Part1),a Journal of Cold War Studies, 1, nos. 1a"3 (1999), 12a"28.

The March 1953 figure of 56,605: Bundesministerium fr Gesamtdeutsche Fragen (BMG), ed., Die Flucht aus der Sowjetzone und die Sperrma.s.snahmen des Kommunistischen Regimes vom 13. August 1961 in Berlin, 1961; Helge Heidemeyer, Flucht und Zuwanderung aus der SBZ/DDR 1945/1949a"1961, Die Flchtlingspolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis zum Bau der Berliner Mauer. Dsseldorf: Droste, 1994, 338.

aAll we need is a peacefula: Feliks Chuev, Sto sorok besed s Molotovym. Moscow: Terra, 1991, 332a"334; Izvestia, 12/23/2003.

Beria wanted to negotiate: Vladislav M. Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlinas Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, 159a"160; Andrei Gromyko, Memories. London: Hutchinson, 1989, 316.

The post-Stalin collective leadership: Harrison, Driving the Soviets up the Wall, 24; aMemorandum, V. Chuikov, P. Iudin, L. Ilaichev to G. M. Malenkov, 18 May 1953, Secret,a retrieved from Christian F. Ostermann, aaThis Is Not a Politburo, but a Madhouseaa"The Post-Stalin Succession Struggle, Soviet Deutschlandpolitik and the SED: New Evidence from Russian, German, and Hungarian Archives,a CWIHP-B, No. 10 (1998), 74a"78.

At the party plenary: aPostanovlenie plenuma TsK KPSS o prestupnykh antipartiinykh i antigosudarstvennykh deistviiakh Beriia,a in aDelo Beriia,a Plenum TsK KPSS Iiuli 1953 G.o.da, Stenograficheskii Otchet, 203, 304.

In the first days following Khrushchevas: FRUS, 1958a"1960, vol. VIII, Berlin Crisis, 1958a"1959, Thompson cables to Washington on November 11 and 14, 1958, 47a"48, 62; and Eisenhowera"Herter phone conversation of November 28, 1958, p. 114.

aWest Berlin has turneda: Oleg Grinevskii, aBerlinskkii krizis 1958a"1959.a Zvezda, no. 2 (1996), 127.

Khrushchevas son Sergei: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita S. Khrushchev: Krizisy i Rakety. Vzgliad Iznutri. Moscow: Novosti, vol. 1, 1994, 416.

In answer to similar doubts: Oleg Troyanovsky, Cherez G.o.di i ra.s.stoiania: Istoriia Odnoi Semyi. Moscow: Vagrius, 1997, 211a"213.

Giving him only a half houras: Hubert Horatio Humphrey Papers. Trip Files, Russian, in Senatorial Files, 1949a"1964, Box 703, Minnesota Historical Society, Minneapolis, MN; FRUS, 1958a"1960, vol. VIII, Berlin Crisis, 1958a"1959, 149a"153; JFKL, Memorandum of conversation (Memcon) between Sen. Humphrey and Acting Secretary of State Christian Herter, December 8, 1958, Box 126; Hubert H. Humphrey, aEight Hours with Khrushchev,a Life, January 12, 1959, 80a"91.

To show off his knowledge: FRUS, 1958a"1960, vol. VIII, Berlin Crisis, 1958a"1959, 149a"153.

asomebody who has risena: Humphrey, aEight Hours with Khrushchev,a 82.

In recounting his meeting: Quoted in Department of State, Central Files, 762.00/12-358.

Eisenhower responded to Khrushchevas: Christian Bremen, Die Eisenhower-Administration und die zweite Berlin-Krise 1958a"1961. Verffentlichungen der Historischen Kommision zu Berlin, Bd. 95, Berlin and New York: de Gruyter, 1998, 383a"386.

Khrushchev congratulated himself: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 416, quoting Sergei N. Khrushchev, Krizisy i Rakety, 442a"443; Troyanovsky, Cherez G.o.di, 218.

For that reason, Khrushchevas considerations: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 421; Nikita S. Khrushchev, aMemuary Nikity Sergeevicha Khrushcheva,a Voprosy Istorii, no. 4 (1993), 36.

athe capitalists never misseda: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament. Boston: Little, Brown, 1974, 372.

Disregarding the advice of his pilot: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 372. Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000, 328a"330; Fred Kaplan, 1959: The Year Everything Changed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009, 107.

aFrom a ravaged, backward, illiterate Russiaa: Nikita S. Khrushchev, aMemuary Nikity Sergeevicha Khrushcheva,a Voprosy Istorii, no. 4 (1993), 38a"39.

To Khrushchevas relief and delight: Morton Schwartz, The Foreign Policy of the USSR: Domestic Factors. Encino, CA: d.i.c.kenson, 1975, 89; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 377.

aWe do not contemplatea: JFKL, Memcon, USSRa"Vienna Meeting, Background Doc.u.ments, 1953a"1961, September 15, 1959, Box 126.

For his part, Eisenhower called: Jean Edward Smith, The Defense of Berlin. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1963, 212; Gelb, The Berlin Wall, 43.

His trip had nearly ended: Los Angeles Times, September 20, 1959, p. 1.

The climactic Camp David meeting: FRUS, 1958a"1960, vol. IX, Berlin Crisis, 1959a"1960, 35a"53; vol. X, Part I, Eastern Europe, Soviet Union, Cyprus, Doc. 129a"136 (132), 459a"485; Beschloss, Mayday, 206a"215.

The following morning, Khrushchev agreed: Fursenko, Khrushchevas Cold War, 238; JFKL, Eisenhower and Khrushchev meetings, September 26a"27, 1959. USSRa"Vienna Meeting, Background Doc.u.ments 1953a"1961, Box 4, National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

Initially, Khrushchev celebrated the incident: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 365a"367.

Years later, Khrushchev would concede: Dr. A. McGhee Harvey, aA Conversation with Khrushchev: The Beginning of His Fall from Power,a Life, December 18, 1970, 48B.

Eisenhower removed Khrushchevas: FRUS, 1958a"1960, vol. X, Part I, Eastern Europe Region, Soviet Union, Cyprus, Doc. 82, Memo of Conference with President Eisenhower, July 8, 1959.

In what would be the one and only session: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 465, 495, quotes Pravda, May 19, 1960; Beschloss, Mayday, 299; A. Merriman Smith, A Presidentas Odyssey. New York: Harper, 1961, 199; Thomas P. Whitney, ed., Khrushchev Speaksa"Selected Speeches, Articles, and Press Conferences, 1949a"1961. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1963, 389a"390.

It concerned the sad story: Stanislaw Gaevsk, aKak Nikita Sergeyevich vstrech v verkhak sorval.a Kievski Novosi, no. 1 (1993).

For all his theatrics, however, Khrushchev: Beschloss, Mayday, 305; Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 282; Beschloss, Crisis Years, 31a"32.

To the surprise of U.S. diplomats: Pravda, May 21, 1960, 1a"2; aText of the Address by Khrushchev in East Berlin,a New York Times, 05/20/1960; aMr. K. Quiet in East Berlin,a Christian Science Monitor, May 20, 1960; aBack Home in Berlin, Mr. K. Smiles Again,a New York Times, 05/20/1960.

Instead of flying to America: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 472; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 408a"409; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 463.

When one of the Soviet sailors: Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 474; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 467.

aSo, another dirty tricka: Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow, 105a"106.

The only saving grace: Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow, 96a"101; Martin Ebon, The Andropov File: The Life and Ideas of Yuri V. Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983, 26; Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, 474.

None of that dampened: Aleksei I. Adzhubei, Krushenie illiuzii. Moscow: Interbuk, 1991, 235; Nikolai Zakharov, aKak Khrushceve Ameriku Pokarial,a in Argumenty I Fakty, no. 52 (2004), 12; Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 471.

By September 26, only a week into: New York Times, 09/26/1960.

Khrushchev was determined to use: Robert Divine, Blowing on the Wind: The Nuclear Test Ban Debate, 1954a"1960. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978, 100; Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: The President, vol. 2. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984, 349a"350; Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library (DDEL). Eisenhowera"Bulganin, 10/21/1956.

In public, Khrushchev hedged: Shevchenko, Breaking with Moscow, 108.

But behind the scenes: John Bartlow Martin, Adlai Stevenson and the World: The Life of Adlai E. Stevenson. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1977, 471a"475.

Stevenson responded that: Adlai E. Stevenson Papers. Memorandum (Memo) 01/16/1960: Tucker conversation; Martin, Adlai Stevenson, 471a"475.

Republican Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 489a"490.

By autumn, the Eisenhower administration: Beschloss, Crisis Years, 35; DDEL, Lodgea"Christian Herter, 02/09/1960; Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 489a"491; Richard Nixon Papers, Nixon tel. note 02/27/1960.

aWe thought we would have more hopea: Nikita S. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament, 489.

Though Kennedyas campaign rhetoric: Fursenko and Naftali, Khrushchevas Cold War, 340; Soviet Central Committee Archive (TsKhSD), Gromyko to N.S. Khrushchev, August 3, 1960, Folio 5, List 30, File 335, 92a"108; reproduced in CWIHP-B, No. 4 (1994), 65a"67.

The candidates continued to shower attention: New York Times, 09/27/1960.