An Account Of The Foxglove And Some Of Its Medical Uses Part 1

An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses.

by William Withering.

PREFACE.

After being frequently urged to write upon this subject, and as often declining to do it, from apprehension of my own inability, I am at length compelled to take up the pen, however unqualified I may still feel myself for the task.

The use of the Foxglove is getting abroad, and it is better the world should derive some instruction, however imperfect, from my experience, than that the lives of men should be hazarded by its unguarded exhibition, or that a medicine of so much efficacy should be condemned and rejected as dangerous and unmanageable.

It is now about ten years since I first began to use this medicine.

Experience and cautious attention gradually taught me how to use it.

For the last two years I have not had occasion to alter the modes of management; but I am still far from thinking them perfect.

It would have been an easy task to have given select cases, whose successful treatment would have spoken strongly in favour of the medicine, and perhaps been flattering to my own reputation. But Truth and Science would condemn the procedure. I have therefore mentioned every case in which I have prescribed the Foxglove, proper or improper, successful or otherwise. Such a conduct will lay me open to the censure of those who are disposed to censure, but it will meet the approbation of others, who are the best qualified to be judges.

To the Surgeons and Apothecaries, with whom I am connected in practice, both in this town and at a distance, I beg leave to make this public acknowledgment, for the a.s.sistance they so readily afforded me, in perfecting some of the cases, and in communicating the events of others.

The ages of the patients are not always exact, nor would the labour of making them so have been repaid by any useful consequences. In a few instances accuracy in that respect was necessary, and there it has been attempted; but in general, an approximation towards the truth, was supposed to be sufficient.

The cases related from my own experience, are generally written in the shortest form I could contrive, in order to save time and labour. Some of them are given more in detail, when particular circ.u.mstances made such detail necessary; but the cases communicated by other pract.i.tioners, are given in their own words.

I must caution the reader, who is not a pract.i.tioner in physic, that no general deductions, decisive upon the failure or success of the medicine, can be drawn from the cases I now present to him. These cases must be considered as the most hopeless and deplorable that exist; for physicians are seldom consulted in chronic diseases, till the usual remedies have failed: and, indeed, for some years, whilst I was less expert in the management of the Digitalis, I seldom prescribed it, but when the failure of every other method compelled me to do it; so that upon the whole, the instances I am going to adduce, may truly be considered as cases lost to the common run of practice, and only s.n.a.t.c.hed from destruction, by the efficacy of the Digitalis; and this in so remarkable a manner, that, if the properties of that plant had not been discovered, by far the greatest part of these patients must have died.

There are men who will hardly admit of any thing which an author advances in support of a favorite medicine, and I allow they may have some cause for their hesitation; nor do I expect they will wave their usual modes of judging upon the present occasion. I could wish therefore that such readers would pa.s.s over what I have said, and attend only to the communications from correspondents, because they cannot be supposed to possess any unjust predilection in favour of the medicine: but I cannot advise them to this step, for I am certain they would then close the book, with much higher notions of the efficacy of the plant than what they would have learnt from me. Not that I want faith in the discernment or in the veracity of my correspondents, for they are men of established reputation; but the cases they have sent me are, with some exceptions, too much selected. They are not upon this account less valuable in themselves, but they are not the proper premises from which to draw permanent conclusions.

I wish the reader to keep in view, that it is not my intention merely to introduce a new diuretic to his acquaintance, but one which, though not infallible, I believe to be much more certain than any other in present use.

After all, in spite of opinion, prejudice, or error, TIME will fix the real value upon this discovery, and determine whether I have imposed upon myself and others, or contributed to the benefit of science and mankind.

_Birmingham, 1st July,_ 1785.

INTRODUCTION.

The Foxglove is a plant sufficiently common in this island, and as we have but one species, and that so generally known, I should have thought it superfluous either to figure or describe it; had I not more than once seen the leaves of Mullein[1] gathered for those of Foxglove. On the continent of Europe too, other species are found, and I have been informed that our species is very rare in some parts of Germany, existing only by means of cultivation, in gardens.

[Footnote 1: Verbasc.u.m of Linnaeus.]

Our plant is the _Digitalis purpurea_[2] of Linnaeus. It belongs to the 2d order of the 14th cla.s.s, or the DIDYNAMIA ANGIOSPERMIA. The _essential characters_ of the genus are, _Cup with 5 divisions.

Blossom bell-shaped, bulging. Capsule egg-shaped, 2-celled._--LINN.

[Footnote 2: The trivial name _purpurea_ is not a very happy one, for the blossoms though generally purple, are sometimes of a pure white.]

DIGITA'LIS _purpu'rea_. Little leaves of the empalement egg-shaped, sharp. Blossoms blunt; the upper lip entire. LINN.

REFERENCES TO FIGURES. These are disposed in the order of comparative excellence.

_Rivini monopet. 104.

Flora danica, 74, parts of fructification.

Tournefort Inst.i.tutiones. 73, A, E, L, M.

Fuchsii Hist. Plant. 893, copied in Tragi stirp. histor. 889.

J. Bauhini histor. Vol. ii. 812. 3, and Lonicera 74, 1.

Blackwell. auct. 16.

Dodoni pempt. stirp. hist. 169, reprinted in Gerard emacul. 790, 1, and copied in Parkinson Theatr. botanic. 653, 1.

Gerard, first edition, 646, 1.

Histor. Oxon. Morison. V. 8, row 1. 1.

Flor. danic. 74, the reduced figure._

_Blossom._ The bellying part on the inside sprinkled with spots like little eyes. _Leaves_ wrinkled. LINN.

BLOSSOM. Rather tubular than bell-shaped, bulging on the under side, purple; the narrow tubular part at the base, white. _Upper lip_ sometimes slightly cloven.

CHIVES. _Threads_ crooked, white. _Tips_ yellow.

POINTAL. _Seed-bud_ greenish. _Honey-cup_ at its base more yellow.

_Summit_ cloven.

S. VESS. _Capsule_ not quite so long as the cup.

ROOT. Knotty and fibrous.

STEM. About 4 feet high; obscurely angular; leafy.

LEAVES. Slightly but irregularly serrated, wrinkled; dark green above, paler underneath. _Lower leaves_ egg-shaped; upper leaves spear-shaped. _Leaf-stalks_ fleshy; bordered.

FLOWERS. Numerous, mostly growing from one side of the stem and hanging down one over another. _Floral-leaves_ sitting, taper-pointed.

The numerous purple blossoms hanging down, mottled within; as wide and nearly half as long as the finger of a common-sized glove, are sufficient marks whereby the most ignorant may distinguish this from every other British plant; and the leaves ought not to be gathered for use but when the plant is in blossom.

PLACE. Dry, gravelly or sandy soils; particularly on sloping ground.

It is a biennial, and flowers from the middle of _June_ to the end of _July_.

I have not observed that any of our cattle eat it. The root, the stem, the leaves, and the flowers have a bitter herbaceous taste, but I don't perceive that nauseous bitter which has been attributed to it.

This plant ranks amongst the LURIDae, one of the Linnaean orders in a natural system. It has for congenera, NICOTIANA, ATROPA, HYOSCYAMUS, DATURA, SOLANUM, &c. so that from the knowledge we possess of the virtues of those plants, and reasoning from botanical a.n.a.logy, we might be led to guess at something of its properties.

I intended in this place to have traced the history of its effects in diseases from the time of Fuchsius, who first describes it, but I have been antic.i.p.ated in this intention by my very valuable friend, Dr.

Stokes of Stourbridge, who has lately sent me the following

HISTORICAL VIEW of the Properties of Digitalis.

FUCHSIUS in his _hist. stirp._ 1542, is the first author who notices it. From him it receives its name of DIGITALIS, in allusion to the German name of _Fingerhut_, which signifies a finger-stall, from the blossoms resembling the finger of a glove.