A Treatise on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene Part 26

387. Define absorption. 388-391. _Give the anatomy of the lymphatic vessels._ 388. What are those vessels called that act exclusively for the growth and renovation of the body? Those whose office is to remove the atoms already deposited? What other vessels perform the office of absorption? Give observation. 389. Describe the lymphatics.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 82. A single lymphatic vessel, much magnified.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 83. The valves of a lymphatic trunk.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 84. 1, A lymphatic gland with several vessels pa.s.sing through it.]

390. The lymphatic vessels, like the veins, diminish in number as they increase in size, while pursuing their course toward the large veins near the heart, into which they pour their contents. The walls of these vessels have two coats of which the external one is cellular, and is capable of considerable distention. The internal coat is folded so as to form valves, like those in the veins. Their walls are so thin, that these folds give them the appearance of being knotted.

What is represented by fig. 82? By fig. 83? By fig. 84? 390. In what respect do these vessels resemble the veins of the system? Give the structure of their coats.

391. At certain points, the lymphatic vessels pa.s.s through distinct, soft bodies, peculiar to themselves, which are called _lymphatic glands_, which are to these vessels what the mesenteric glands are to the lacteals. The lymphatic glands vary in form and in size. They are extremely vascular, and appear to consist of a collection of minute vessels. These glands are found in different parts of the body, but are most numerous in the groins, axilla, or arm-pits, neck, and cavities of the chest and abdomen.

_Observation._ From exposure to cold, these glands are frequently enlarged and inflamed. They are known under the name of "kernels."

They are often diseased, particularly in scrofula, or "king's evil."

PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

392. Though the lacteals and lymphatics resemble each other in their structure and termination, yet they differ as to the nature of the fluids which they convey, as well as the nature of their functions.

The lacteals open into the small intestine, and possess the power of rejecting all substances in the pa.s.sing aliment, but the chyle. The lymphatics, on the contrary, not only imbibe all the various const.i.tuents of the body, both fluid and solid, but they sometimes absorb foreign and extraneous substances, when presented to their mouths, as in vaccination.

393. The varieties of absorption are, the _In-ter-st.i.tial_, _Rec-re-men-t.i.tial_, _Ex-cre-men-t.i.tial_, _Cu-tane-ous_, _Res-pira-to-ry_, _Venous_, and the _Lacte-al_.

391. Describe the lymphatic glands. What observation is given in regard to these glands? 392-403. _Give the physiology of the lymphatic vessels._ 392. Explain the difference between the lacteals and lymphatics 393. Name the varieties of absorption.

394. INTERSt.i.tIAL absorption is that change which is constantly going on in the animal economy among the particles of matter of which every texture is composed. The ordinary functions of the body, in health, require incessant action of the lymphatics; the circulatory system, with its myriads of small vessels, is constantly depositing new atoms of matter, which become vitalized, and perform a course of actions, then die, or become useless. These old atoms are removed by the absorbent system. Thus, wherever there is a minute artery to deposit a living particle of matter, there is a lymphatic vessel, or venous radicle, to remove it as soon as it shall have finished its particular office.

395. The action of the lymphatic vessels counterbalances those of nutrition, and thus the form and size of every part of the body is preserved. When their action exceeds that of the nutrient vessels, the body emaciates; when it is deficient, plethora is the result. In youth, they are less active than the nutrient vessels, and the limbs are plump; but in later periods of life, we find these actions reversed, and the body diminishes in size. It is not unfrequent that wens, and other tumors of considerable size, disappear, and even the entire bone of a limb has been removed from the same general cause.

The effused fluids of bruises are also removed by absorption.

_Observations._ 1st. When little or no food is taken into the stomach, life is supported by the lymphatic vessels and veins imbibing the fat and reconveying it into the blood vessels. It is the removal of this secretion which causes the emaciation of the face and extremities of a person recovering from a fever. In consumption, the extreme attenuation of the limbs is caused by the absorption, not only of the fat, but also of the muscles and more solid parts of the system.

394. What is interst.i.tial absorption? Flow are the new atoms of matter deposited? How removed? 395. What vessels do the lymphatics counterbalance in action? What is the result when their action exceeds that of the nutrient vessels? When it is less? Mention some instances of active absorption. What causes the emaciated limbs of a person recovering from fever? The extreme attenuation in consumption?

2d. Animals which live in a half torpid state during the winter, derive their nourishment from the same source. In other words, we may say the starving animal lives for a time upon itself, eating up, by internal absorption, such parts of the body as can be spared under urgent necessity, to feed those organs and continue those functions that are absolutely essential to life.

396. RECREMENt.i.tIAL absorption is the removal of those fluids from the system, which are secreted upon surfaces that have no external outlet.

These fluids are various, as the fat, the marrow, the synovia of joints, serous fluids, and the humors of the eye. Were it not for this variety of absorption, dropsy would generally exist in the cavities of the brain, chest, and abdomen, from the continued action of the secretory vessels.

397. EXCREMENt.i.tIAL absorption relates to the fluids which have been excreted, such as the bile, pancreatic fluid, saliva, milk, and other secretions.

398. CUTANEOUS absorption relates to the skin. Here the lymphatic vessels extend only to the cuticle, which they do not permeate. There has been much diversity of opinion on the question of cutaneous absorption; some maintaining that this membrane absorbs, while others deny it. Many experiments have proved that the skin may absorb sufficient nutriment to support life for a time, by immersing the patient in a bath of milk or broth. It has been found that the hand, immersed to the wrist in warm water, will absorb from ninety to one hundred grains of fluid in the s.p.a.ce of an hour.

399. Thirst may be quenched by applying moist clothes to the skin, or by bathing. It is no uncommon occurrence, during a pa.s.sage from one continent to the other, for the saliva to become bitter by the absorption of sea water. Medicinal substances, such as mercury, morphine, and Spanish flies, are frequently introduced into the system through the skin.

396. What is recrement.i.tial absorption? 397. Define excrement.i.tial absorption. 393. To what does cutaneous absorption relate? Is there a diversity of opinion respecting this variety of absorption? What do well attested experiments show? 399. What remark in reference to quenching thirst? What agency conveys medicinal substances and ointments into the system when tabbed on the skin?

400. RESPIRATORY absorption has reference to the lungs. The mucous membrane of these organs is abundantly supplied with lymphatic vessels. By their action, substances finely pulverized, or in the form of gas, are readily imbibed when inhaled into the lungs, such as metallic vapors, odoriferous particles, _tobacco smoke_, and other effluvia. In this way, contagious diseases are frequently contracted.

_Ill.u.s.tration._ In inhaling sulphuric ether, or letheon, it is introduced into the vessels of the lungs in the form of vapor, and through them it is rapidly conveyed to the brain, and thus influences the nervous system.

401. VENOUS absorption is the function which the veins perform in absorbing from the alimentary ca.n.a.l liquids of various kinds that have been taken into the stomach and are not converted into chyle. In other parts of the body, they also perform the common office of lymphatics.

402. LACTEAL, or digestive absorption has reference to the absorption of chyle only, which is destined for the nutrition of the body.

403. Absorption is not only very abundant, but generally very rapid, and all these varieties are maintained through life, except when suspended by disease.

400. What is said of respiratory absorption? How is letheon introduced into the system? 401. Define venous absorption. 402. What is lacteal absorption? 403. What is said of absorption?

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 85. A representation of the lymphatic vessels and glands. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, The lymphatic vessels and glands of the lower limbs. 7, Lymphatic glands. 8, The commencement of the thoracic duct. 9, The lymphatics of the kidney. 10, Of the stomach. 11, Of the liver. 12, 12, Of the lungs. 13, 14, 15, The lymphatics and glands of the arm. 16, 17, 18, Of the face and neck. 19, 20, Large veins. 21, The thoracic duct.

26, The lymphatics of the heart.]

HYGIENE OF THE LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

404. By the action of the lymphatics, substances of an injurious, as well as of a beneficial, character may be conveyed into the system.

These vessels, under certain conditions, are more active in their office than at other periods; and it is of practical utility to know what influences their action.

405. _The function of these vessels is increased by moisture, and lessened by an active state of the lacteals._ Observation shows that the ill-fed, and those persons that live in marshy districts, contract contagious diseases more readily than those individuals who are well fed, and breathe a dry and pure air.

406. _The air of the sick-room should be dry._ If due attention is not given to ventilation, the clothing of the nurse and patient, together with the air of the room, will be moistened by the exhalations from the skin and lungs. This exhalation may contain a poison of greater or less power, according to its quant.i.ty and degree of concentration, and may be absorbed and reconveyed into the system, causing inflammatory diseases, and not unfrequently death.

_Observations._ 1st. When we are attending a sick person a current of air that has pa.s.sed over the patient should be avoided. We may approach with safety very near a person who has an infectious disease, provided care is taken to keep on the side from which the currents of air are admitted into the room.