A History of China Part 28

Wittfogel (1938) to construct a theory of a crisis cycle in China. I do not think that such far-reaching conclusions are warranted.

p. 214: This "law" was developed on the basis of Chinese materials from different periods as well as on materials from other parts of Asia.--In the study of tenancy, cases should be studied in which wealthier farmers rent additional land which gets cultivated by farm labourers. Such cases are well known from recent periods, but have not yet been studied in earlier periods. At the same time, the problem of farm labourers should be investigated. Such people were common in the Sung time. Research along these lines could further clarify the importance of the so-called "guest families" (_k'o-hu_) which were alluded to in these pages. They const.i.tuted often one third of the total population in the Sung period.

The problem of migration and mobility might also be clarified by studying the _k'o-hu_.

p. 215: For w.a.n.g An-shih, the most comprehensive work is still H.

Williamson's _w.a.n.g An-shih_, London 1935, 3 vol., but this work in no way exhausts the problems. We have so much personal data on w.a.n.g that a psychological study could be attempted; and we have since Williamson's time much deeper insight into the reforms and theories of w.a.n.g. I used, in addition to Williamson, O. Franke, and my own research.

p. 216: Based mainly upon Ch'u T'ung-tsu.--For the social legislation see Hsu I-t'ang; for economic problems I used Ch'uan Han-sheng, Ts'en Chung-mien and Liu Ming-shu.--Most of these relief measures had their precursors in the T'ang period.

p. 217: It is interesting to note that later Buddhism gave up its "social gospel" in China. Buddhist circles in Asian countries at the present time attempt to revive this att.i.tude.

p. 218: For slaughtering I used A. Hulsewe; for greeting R. Michihata; on law Ch'u T'ung-tsu; on philosophy I adapted ideas from Chan Wing-sit.

p. 219: A comprehensive study of Chu Hsi is a great desideratum. Thus far, we have in English mainly the essays by Feng Yu-lan (transl. and annotated by D. Bodde) in the _Harvard Journal of Asiat. Stud_., vol. 7, 1942. T. Makino emphasized Chu's influence upon the Far East, J. Needham his interest in science.

p. 220: For Su Tung-p'o as general introduction see Lin Yutang, _The Gay Genius. The Life and Times of Su Tung-p'o_, New York 1947.--For painting, I am using concepts of A. Soper here.

p. 222: For this period the standard work is K.A. Wittfogel and Feng Chia-sheng, _History of Chinese Society, Liao_, Philadelphia 1949.--Po-hai had been in tributary relations with the dynasties of North China before its defeat, and resumed these from 932 on; there were even relations with one of the South Chinese states; in the same way, Kao-li continuously played one state against the other (M. Rogers _et al_.).

p. 223: On the Kara-Kitai see Appendix to Wittfogel-Feng.

p. 228: For the Hakka, I relied mainly upon Lo Hsiang-lin; for Chia Ssu-tao upon H. Franke.

p. 229: The Juchen (Jurchen) are also called Nu-chih and Nu-chen, but Juchen seems to be correct (_Studia Serica_, vol. 3, No. 2).

_Chapter Ten_

p. 233: I use here mainly Meng Ssu-liang, but also others, such as Chu Ch'ing-yuan and Li Chien-nung.--The early political developments are described by H.D. Martin, _The Rise of Chingis Khan and his Conquest of North China_, Baltimore 1950.

p. 236: I am alluding here to such Taoist sects as the Cheng-i-chiao (Sun K'o-k'uan and especially the study in _Kita Aziya gakuh[=o]_, vol. 2).

pp. 236-7: For taxation and all other economic questions I have relied upon Wan Kuo-ting and especially upon H. Franke. The first part of the main economic text is translated and annotated by H.F. Schurmann, _Economic Structure of the Yuan Dynasty_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1956.

p. 237: On migrations see T. Makino and others.--For the system of communications during the Mongol time and the privileges of merchants, I used P. Olbricht.

p. 238: For the popular rebellions of this time, I used a study in the _Bull. Acad. Sinica_, vol. 10, 1948, but also Meng Ssu-liang and others.

p. 239: On the White Lotus Society (Pai-lien-hui) see note to previous page and an article by Hagiwara Jumpei.

p. 240: H. Serruys, _The Mongols in China during the Hung-wu Period_, Bruges 1959, has studied in this book and in an article the fate of isolated Mongol groups in China after the breakdown of the dynasty.

pp. 241-2: The travel report of Ch'ang-ch'un has been translated by A.

Waley, _The Travels of an Alchemist_, London 1931.

p. 242: _Hsi-hsiang-chi_ has been translated by S.I. Hsiung. _The Romance of the Western Chamber_, London 1935. All important a.n.a.lytic literature on drama and theatre is written by Chinese and j.a.panese authors, especially by Yoshikawa Kojiro.--For Bon and early Lamaism, I used H. Hoffmann.

p. 243: Lamaism in Mongolia disappeared later, however, and was reintroduced in the reformed form (Tsong-kha-pa, 1358-1419) in the sixteenth century. See R.J. Miller, _Monasteries and Culture Change in Inner Mongolia_, Wiesbaden 1959.

p. 245: Much more research is necessary to clarify j.a.panese-Chinese relations in this period, especially to determine the size of trade.

Good material is in the article by S. Iwao. Important is also S. Sak.u.ma and an article in _Li-shih yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3. For the loss of coins, I relied upon D. Brown.

p. 246: The necessity of transports of grain and salt was one of the reasons for the emergence of the Hsin-an and Hui-chou merchants. The importance of these developments is only partially known (studies mainly by H. Fujii and in _Li-shih-yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3). Data are also in an unpublished thesis by Ch. Mac Sherry, _The Impairment of the Ming Tributary System_, and in an article by w.a.n.g Ch'ung-wu.

p. 247: The tax system of the Ming has been studied among others by Liang Fang-chung. Yoshiyuki Suto a.n.a.lysed the methods of tax evasion in the periods before the reform. For the land grants, I used Wan Kuo-ting's data.

p. 248: Based mainly upon my own research. On the progress of agriculture wrote Li Chien-nung and also Kat[=o] Shigeru and others.

p. 250: I believe that further research would discover that the "agrarian revolution" was a key factor in the economic and social development of China. It probably led to another change in dietary habits; it certainly led to a greater labour input per person, i.e. a higher number of full working days per year than before. It may be--but only further research can try to show this--that the "agrarian revolution" turned China away from technology and industry.--On cotton and its importance see the studies by M. Amano, and some preliminary remarks by P. Pelliot.

pp. 250-1: Detailed study of Central Chinese urban centres in this time is a great desideratum. My remarks here have to be taken as very preliminary. Notice the special character of the industries mentioned!--The porcelain centre of Ching-te-chen was inhabited by workers and merchants (70-80 per cent of population); there were more than 200 private kilns.--On indented labour see Li Chien-nung, H. Iwami and Y. Yamane.

p. 253: On _pien-wen_ I used R. Michihata, and for this general discussion R. Irvin, _The Evolution of a Chinese Novel_, Cambridge, Ma.s.s., 1953, and studies by J. Jaworski and J. Pru[vs]ek. Many texts of _pien-wen_ and related styles have been found in Tunhuang and have been recently republished by Chinese scholars.

p. 254: _Shui-hu-chuan_ has been translated by Pearl Buck, _All Men are Brothers_. Parts of _Hsi-yu-chi_ have been translated by A. Waley, _Monkey_, London 1946. _San-kuo yen-i_ is translated by C.H.

Brewitt-Taylor, _San Kuo, or Romance of the Three Kingdoms_, Shanghai 1925 (a new edition just published). A purged translation of Chin-p'ing-mei is published by Fr. Kuhn _Chin P'ing Mei_, New York 1940.

p. 255: Even the "murder story" was already known in Ming time. An example is R.H. van Gulik, _Dee Gong An. Three Murder Cases solved by Judge Dee_, Tokyo 1949.

p. 256: For a special group of block-prints see R.H. van Gulik, _Erotic Colour Prints of the Ming Dynasty_, Tokyo 1951. This book is also an excellent introduction into Chinese psychology.

p. 257: Here I use work done by David Chan.

p. 258: I use here the research of J.J.L. Duyvendak; the reasons for the end of such enterprises, as given here, may not exhaust the problem. It may not be without relevance that Cheng came from a Muslim family. His father was a pilgrim (_Bull. Chin. Studies_, vol. 3, pp. 131-70).

Further research is desirable.--Concerning folk-tales, I use my own research. The main Buddhist tales are the _Jataka_ stories. They are still used by Burmese Buddhists in the same context.

p. 260: The Oirat (Uyrat, Ojrot, olot) were a confederation of four tribal groups: Khosud, Dzungar, Dorbet and Turgut.

p. 261: I regard this a.n.a.lysis of Ming political history as unsatisfactory, but to my knowledge no large-scale a.n.a.lysis has been made.--For w.a.n.g Yang-ming I use mainly my own research.

p. 262: For the coastal salt-merchants I used Lo Hsiang-lin's work.

p. 263: On the rifles I used P. Pelliot. There is a large literature on the use of explosives and the invention of cannons, especially L.C.

Goodrich and Feng Chia-sheng in _Isis_, vol. 36, 1946 and 39, 1948; also G. Sarton, Li Ch'iao-p'ing, J. Pru[vs]ek, J. Needham, and M. Ishida; a comparative, general study is by K. Huuri, _Studia Orientalia_ vol. 9, 1941.--For the earliest contacts of w.a.n.g with Portuguese, I used Chang Wei-hua's monograph.--While there is no satisfactory, comprehensive study in English on w.a.n.g, for Lu Hsiang-shan the book by Huang Siu-ch'i, _Lu Hsiang-shan, a Twelfth-century Chinese Idealist Philosopher_, New Haven 1944, can be used.

p. 264: For Tao-yen, I used work done by David Chan.--Large parts of the _Yung-lo ta-tien_ are now lost (Kuo Po-kung, Yuan T'ung-li studied this problem).

p. 265: Yen-ta's Mongol name is Altan Qan (died 1582), leader of the Tumet. He is also responsible for the re-introduction of Lamaism into Mongolia (1574).--For the border trade I used Hou Jen-chih; for the Shansi bankers Ch'en Ch'i-t'ien and P. Maybon. For the beginnings of the Manchu see Fr. Michael, _The Origins of Manchu Rule in China_, Baltimore 1942.

p. 266: M. Ricci's diary (Matthew Ricci, _China in the Sixteenth Century_. The Journals of M. Ricci, transl. by L.J. Gallagher, New York 1953) gives much insight into the life of Chinese officials in this period. Recently, J. Needham has tried to show that Ricci and his followers did not bring much which was not already known in China, but that they actually attempted to prevent the Chinese from learning about the Copernican theory.

p. 267: For c.o.xinga I used M. Eder's study.--The Szechwan rebellion was led by Chang Hsien-chung (1606-1647); I used work done by James B.

Parsons. Cheng T'ien-t'ing, Sun Yueh and others have recently published the important doc.u.ments concerning all late Ming peasant rebellions.--For the Tung-lin academy see Ch. O. Hucker in J.K.

Fairbank, _Chinese Thought and Inst.i.tutions_, Chicago 1957. A different interpretation is indicated by Shang Yueh in _Li-shih yen-chiu_ 1955, No. 3.

p. 268: Work on the "academies" (shu-yuan) in the earlier time is done by Ho Yu-shen.

pp. 273-4: Based upon my own, as yet unfinished research.

p. 274: The population of 1953 as given here, includes Chinese outside of mainland China. The population of mainland China was 582.6 millions.