Wood and Forest Part 1

Wood and Forest.

by William Noyes.

FOREWORD

This book has been prepared as a companion volume to the author's _Handwork in Wood_.[1] It is an attempt to collect and arrange in available form useful information, now widely scattered, about our common woods, their sources, growth, properties and uses.

As in the other volume, the credit for the successful completion of the book is to be given to my wife, Anna Gausmann Noyes, who has made the drawings and maps, corrected the text, read the proof, and carried the work thru to its final completion.

Acknowledgments are hereby thankfully made for corrections and suggestions in the text to the following persons:

Mr. A. D. Hopkins, of the United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, for revision of the text relating to Insect Enemies of the Forest, in Chapter VI.

Mr. George G. Hedgc.o.c.k, of the United States Bureau of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, for revision of the text relating to the fungal enemies of the forest, in Chapter VI.

Mr. S. T. Dana and Mr. Burnett Barrows, of the United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, for revision of Chapters IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII.

Professor Charles R. Richards, formerly Head of the Manual Training Department of Teachers College, my predecessor as lecturer of the course out of which this book has grown.

Professor M. A. Bigelow, Head of the Department of Botany of Teachers College, for revision of Chapter I, on the Structure of Wood.

Mr. Romeyn B. Hough, of Lowville, N. Y., author of _American Woods_ and _Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada_, for suggestions in preparing the maps in Chapter III.

The Forest Service, Washington, D. C., for photographs and maps credited to it, and for permission to reprint the key to the identification of woods which appears in Forest Service Bulletin No.

10, _Timber_, by Filibert Roth.

The Division of Publications, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for permission to copy ill.u.s.trations in bulletins.

The Macmillan Company, New York, for permission to reproduce Fig.

86, Portion of the Mycelium of Dry Rot, from _Timber and Some of its Diseases_, by H. M. Ward.

Mrs. Katharine Golden Bitting, of Lafayette, Indiana, for the photograph of the cross-section of a bud, Figure 5.

Finally and not least I hereby acknowledge my obligations to the various writers and publishers whose books and articles I have freely used. As far as possible, appropriate credit is given in the paged references at the end of each chapter.

[Footnote 1: William Noyes, _Handwork in Wood_, Peoria, Ill.

The Manual Arts Press, 231 pp., $2.]

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

Apgar, A. G., _Trees of the Northern United States_. N. Y.: American Book Co., 224 pp. A small book dealing with the botany of trees, giving descriptions of their essential organs, and particularly valuable for the leaf key to the trees. It should be supplemented by Keeler or Hough's Handbook.

Baterden, J. R., _Timber_. N. Y.: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1908, 351 pp. A description of the timbers of various countries, discussion of timber defects, timber tests, etc.

Bitting, K. G., _The Structure of Wood_. _Wood Craft_, 5: 76, 106, 144, 172, June-Sept., '06. A very scholarly and valuable series of articles on wood structure and growth. Excellent microphotographs.

Britton, Nathaniel Lord, _North American Trees_. N. Y.: Henry Holt & Co., 1908, 894 pp. A description of all the kinds of trees growing independently of cultivation in North America, north of Mexico, and the West Indies. The standard Botany of trees.

Boulger, G. S., _Wood_. London: Edward Arnold, 369 pp. A thoro discussion of wood structure, with chapters on the recognition and cla.s.sification of woods, defects, preservation, uses, tests, supplies, and sources of wood. Good ill.u.s.trations.

Bruce, E. S., _Frost Checks and Wind Shakes_. _Forestry and Irrigation_, 8: 159, April, '02. An original study of the splitting of trees by sudden frost and thaw.

Bruncken, Ernest, _North American Forests and Forestry_. N. Y.: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 265 pp. A comprehensive survey of American Forestry conditions including the forest industries, fires, taxation, and management. No ill.u.s.trations.

Busbridge, Harold, _The Shrinkage and Warping of Timber_.

_Sci. Amer. Suppl._, No. 1500, Oct. 1, 1904. Good photographic ill.u.s.trations.

Comstock, J. H. and A. B., _A Manual for the Study of Insects_.

Ithaca, N. Y.: Comstock Publishing Co., 701 pp.

Valuable for reference in cla.s.sifying insects injurious to wood.

Curtis, Carleton C., _Nature and Development of Plants_. N. Y.: Henry Holt & Co., 1907, 471 pp. Chapter III is a very clear and excellent discussion of the structure of the stem of plants (including wood).

Encyclopedia Brittannica, Eleventh Edition, Cambridge: At the University Press. Article: _Forests and Forestry_, Vol. 10, p.

645. Article: _Plants_, Anatomy of, Vol. 21, p. 741. Article: _Timber_ Vol. 26, p. 978.

Felt, E. P., _The Gypsy and Brown Tail Moths_. N. Y. State Museum: Bulletin 103, Entomology, 25. Valuable for colored ill.u.s.trations as well as for detailed descriptions.

Fernow, B. E., _Economics of Forestry_. N. Y.: T. Y. Crowell & Co. 1902, quarto 520 pp. A treatment of forests and forestry from the standpoint of economics, including a comprehensive exposition of the forester's art, with chapters on forest conditions, silviculture, forest policies, and methods of business conduct, with a bibliography.

Fernow, B. E., _Report upon the Forestry Investigation of the U. S.

Department of Agriculture_, 1887-1898. Fifty-fifth Congress, House of Representatives, Doc.u.ment No. 181. Quarto, 401 pp.

A review of forests and forestry in the U. S., of forest policies of European nations, particularly of Germany, of the principles of silviculture, of a discussion of forest influences, and a section on timber physics.

Harwood, W. S., _The New Earth_. N. Y.: The Macmillan Co., 1906.

378 pp. A recital of the triumphs of modern agriculture.

Chap. X on modern forestry, describes what has been done in different states in conservative lumbering.

Hough, Romeyn B., _American Woods_. Lowville, N. Y.: The author. An invaluable collection in eleven volumes (boxes) of sections of 275 species of American woods. There are three sections of each species, cross, radial, and tangential, mounted in cardboard panels. Accompanied by a list of descriptions and a.n.a.lytical keys.

Hough, Romeyn B., _Handbook of the Trees of the Northern States and Canada_. Lowville, N. Y.: The author. 470 pp.

A unique, elegant, and sumptuously ill.u.s.trated book, with photographs of tree, trunk, leaf, fruit, bud, and sometimes wood, a map of the habitat of each species, and a full and careful description of tree and wood. Intended for botanists, foresters and lumbermen.

Johnson, J. B., _The Materials of Construction_. N. Y.: John Wiley & Sons. 1898. 775 pp. Chapter XIII is identical with Forestry Bulletin X, Roth's _Timber_.

Keeler, Harriet, _Our Native Trees_. N. Y.: Scribner's. 1900.

533 pp. A very attractive and popular book showing great familiarity with the common trees and love of them. Numerous photographs and drawings.

Lounsberry, Alice, _A Guide to the Trees_. N. Y.: Frederick A. Stokes Co. 313 pp. A popular description of some 200 common trees, with plentiful ill.u.s.trations.

Pinchot, Gifford, _A Primer of Forestry_. Parts I and II, U.