The Standard Electrical Dictionary Part 106

Fig. 232. MAGNETO-INDUCTOR.

364 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Magnetometer.

(a) A reflecting galvanometer, with heavy magnetic needle, dampened by a copper frame. It was devised by Weber.

(b) An apparatus for measuring the intensity of magnetic force. It may consist of a magnet suspended by bifilar or by torsion suspension. A reflecting mirror and scale as in the reflecting galvanometer may be used to act as indicator of its motions. It is used in investigations of the intensity of the earth's field.

If the motions of the spot of light are received on a moving strip of sensitized paper and are thereby reproduced photographically, the instrument is self-recording. Such an apparatus is used in the Kew Observatory, Eng., for recording the terrestrial magnetic elements.

Magnetometry.

The determination of the magnetic moment of a magnet.

It involves the determination by experiment of--( a) the product of the magnetic moment, M, of the magnet by the horizontal component, H, of the earth's magnetism; (b) the quotient of M divided by H. Knowing these two quant.i.ties, M is given by the formula M = SquareRoot( )M * H) * (M/H) ) and if desired H is given by the formula H = SquareRoot( (M*H) / (M/H)).

M*H is determined by the method of vibrations. A very long, thin magnet suspended by a torsion filament is caused to oscillate, and its period is determined. Calling such period T and the moment of inertia of the magnet I, we have the formula T= 2* PI * SquareRoot( I / (H*M) ) (a), whence H*M is calculated, I of course being known or separately determined.

Fig. 233 END-ON METHOD.

Fig. 234. BROADSIDE METHOD.

M/H is determined by the End-on deflection method, or the Broadside deflection method. In both cases the deflection of a compa.s.s needle by the magnet in question is the basis of the work.

In the end-on method AB is the magnet under examination; DE the compa.s.s needle; a the angle of deflection; d the distance between C and the middle of AB, which should be considerable compared with the length of DE; 2l, the length of AB. We then have the formula tan a = (M/H) * (2d / (d^2 - l^2)^2), which if 2l is small compared to d reduces to tan a = M/Hd 3

(b), which gives M/H, a and d being known.

365 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

In the broadside method the line d is the magnetic meridian, and the diagram shows the relative positions. We then have the formula tan a = (M/H) / (d2 + l2)^1.5; which if 1 is relatively small reduces to tan a = M/(H * d3 )(C.)

[Transcriber's note: The image of the above paragraphs is included here.]

a and c or a and b can be combined giving M and H in C.G.S. measurement.

Magnetometer, Differential.

An apparatus, invented by Eickemeyer, for testing the magnetic qualities of different samples of iron. It is very similar in construction and principle to the magnetic bridge, q. v.

Magneto-motive Force.

The force producing a magnetic field or forcing lines of force around a magnetic circuit. It is usually applied only to electro-magnets and is expressible in turns of the wire winding multiplied by amperes of current, or in ampere-turns.

Magnet Operation.

A term in surgery; the use of the electro-magnet or permanent magnet for removing particles of iron from the eye.

Magnetoscope.

An apparatus for detecting the presence of magnetism, without measuring its intensity. A simple magneto-scope consists of a magnetized bit of watch-spring suspended in a vertical gla.s.s tube by a fine filament. A bit of unmagnetized soft iron wire may be used in the same way. The first has the advantage of indicating polarity; the latter merely shows magnetic attraction. A cork may be used as base of the instrument.

Fig. 235. MAGNETOSCOPE.

366 STANDARD ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY.

Magnet, Permanent.

A bar of steel charged with residual magnetism. Steel possesses high coercive force in virtue of which when once magnetized it retains part of the magnetization.

Permanent magnets are generally straight bars or U shaped; they are termed bar magnets, magnetic needles, horseshoe magnets, machine magnets and otherwise, according to their shape or uses.

Magnet Pole.

The part of a magnet showing strongest polarity; the part which attracts iron the most powerfully, and acts as the starting point for lines of force.

Magnet Poles, Secondary.

Magnet poles are often not situated at the ends. Owing to inequality of the material or other causes they may occupy intermediate positions on the magnet. Such poles are called secondary poles.

Magnet Pole, Unit.

A unit magnet pole is one which exerts unit force on another unit pole placed at unit distance from it. Unit force is the dyne; unit distance is one centimeter.

Magnet, Portative Power of.

The power of sustaining a weight by attraction of its armature possessed by a magnet. In general terms the adherence of the armature of a magnet to the pole varies with the square of the number of lines of force which pa.s.s through the point of contact. Hence an increased adherence of the armature to a horseshoe electro-magnet is sometimes obtained by diminishing the area of contact of one pole which concentrates the lines of force. Steel magnets were frequently made with rounded ends to increase the portative power.

Magnet, Simple.

A magnet made of one piece of metal, or at least magnetized as such; the reverse of a compound magnet, which is magnetized piece by piece and then fastened together.

Magnet, Solenoidal.

A magnet which is so uniformly magnetized and is so long in proportion to its other dimensions that it virtually establishes two magnetic poles, one at either end. It is a long thin bar so magnetized that all its molecules would, considered as magnets, be absolutely equal.

(Daniell.) It acts like a solenoid, except that it is longer in proportion than the solenoid generally is constructed.

Magnet, Sucking.

A magnet coil with movable or loose axial bar of soft iron.