The Satires of A. Persius Flaccus Part 1

Official Report of the Niger Valley Exploring Party.

by Martin Robinson Delany.

I

POLITICAL MOVEMENTS

On or about the latter part of July, 1853, the following doc.u.ment was sent on, and shortly appeared in the columns of "FREDERICK DOUGLa.s.s'

PAPER," Rochester, N.Y., and the "ALIENED AMERICAN," published and edited by William Howard Day, Esq., M.A., at Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., which continued in those papers every issue, until the meeting of the Convention:

CALL FOR A NATIONAL EMIGRATION CONVENTION OF COLORED MEN _To be held in Cleveland, Ohio, on the 24th, 25th, and 26th of August, 1854_

MEN AND BRETHREN: The time has fully come when we, as an oppressed people, should do something effectively, and use those means adequate to the attainment of the great and long desired end--do something to meet the actual demands of the present and prospective necessities of the rising generation of our people in this country.

To do this, we must occupy a position of entire _equality_, of _unrestricted_ rights, composing in fact, an acknowledged _necessary_ part of the _ruling element_ of society in which we live. The policy _necessary_ to the _preservation_ of this _element_ must be _in our favor_, if ever we expect the enjoyment, freedom, sovereignty, and equality of rights anywhere. For this purpose, and to this end, then, all colored men in favor of Emigration out of the United States, and _opposed_ to the American Colonization scheme of leaving the Western Hemisphere, are requested to meet in CLEVELAND, OHIO, TUESDAY, the 24th day of AUGUST, 1854, in a great NATIONAL CONVENTION, then and there to consider and decide upon the great and important subject of Emigration from the United States.

No person will be admitted to a seat in the Convention, who would introduce the subject of Emigration to the Eastern Hemisphere--either to Asia, Africa, or Europe--as our object and determination are to consider our claims to the West Indies, Central and South America, and the Canadas. This restriction has no reference to _personal_ preference, or _individual_ enterprise; but to the great question of national claims to come before the Convention.

All persons coming to the Convention must bring credentials properly authenticated, or bring verbal a.s.surance to the Committee on Credentials--appointed for the purpose--of their fidelity to the measures and objects set forth in this call, as the Convention is specifically by and for the friends of Emigration, and none others--and no opposition to them will be entertained.

The question is not whether our condition can be bettered by emigration, but whether it can be made worse. If not, then, there is no part of the wide spread universe, where our social and political condition are not better than here in our native country, and nowhere in the world as here, proscribed on account of color.

We are friends to, and ever will stand shoulder to shoulder by our brethren, and all our friends in all good measures adopted by them for the bettering of our condition in this country, and surrender no rights but with our last breath; but as the subject of Emigration is of vital importance, and has ever been shunned by all delegated a.s.semblages of our people as heretofore met, we cannot longer delay, and will not be farther baffled; and deny the right of our most sanguine friend or dearest brother, to prevent an intelligent inquiry into, and the carrying out of these measures, when this can be done, to our entire advantage, as we propose to show in Convention--as the West Indies, Central and South America--the majority of which are peopled our brethren, or those identified with us in race, and what is more, _destiny_, on this continent--all stand with open arms and yearning hearts, importuning us in the name of suffering humanity to come--to make common cause, and share one common fate on the continent.

The Convention will meet without fail at the time fixed for a.s.sembling, as none but those favorable to Emigration are admissible; therefore no other gathering may prevent it. The number of delegates will not be restricted--except in the town where the Convention may be held--and there the number will be decided by the Convention when a.s.sembled, that they may not too far exceed the other delegations.

The time and place fixed for holding the Conventions are ample; affording sufficient time, and a leisure season generally--and as Cleveland is now the centre of all directions--a good and favorable opportunity to all who desire to attend. Therefore, it may reasonably be the greatest gathering of the colored people ever before a.s.sembled in a Convention in the United States.

Colonizationists are advised, that no favors will be shown to them or their expatriating scheme, as we have no sympathy with the enemies of our race.

All colored men, East, West, North, and South, favorable to the measures set forth in this Call will send in their names (post-paid) to M. R. DELANY, or REV. WM. WEBB, Pittsburgh, Pa., that there may be arranged and attached to the Call, _five_ names from each State.

We must make an issue, create an event, and establish a position _for ourselves_. It is glorious to think of, but far more glorious to carry out.

REV. WM. WEBB, M. R. DELANY, H. G. WEBB, THOS. A. BROWN, JOHN JONES, R. L. HAWKINS, SAMUEL VENERABLE, JOHN WILLIAMS, A. F.

HAWKINS, S. W. SANDERS, JEFFERSON MILLER, _Pittsburgh, Pa._; REV.

A. R. GREEN, P. L. JACKSON, J. H. MAHONEY, G. HARPER, JONATHAN GREEN, H. A. JACKSON, E. R. PARKER, SAMUEL BRUCE, _Allegheny City_; J. J. GOULD BIAS, M.D., REV. M. M. CLARK, A. M. SUMNER, JOHNSON WOODLIN, _Philadelphia_; JAMES M. WHITFIELD, JOHN N. STILL, STANLEY MATTHEWS, _New York_.

This Call was readily responded to by the addition of names from other States, which appeared in subsequent issues.

At the Convention, which according to the Call sat in Cleveland successively on Thursday, 24th, Friday, 25th, and Sat.u.r.day, 26th of August, 1854, the following States were represented: Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Indiana, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Louisiana, Virginia, and the Canadas; the great body consisting of nearly sixteen hundred persons. W. H. DAY, Esq., editor of the _Aliened American_, entered the Convention, and the Chairman invited him forward, offering him the privileges of the Convention, stating that wherever colored people were, William Howard Day was free--whether or not he altogether agreed in sentiment on minor points; and the Convention unanimously concurred in the invitation given.

Mr. Day subsequently proffered to the Convention any books or doc.u.ments at his command for the use of that body.

The following permanent Inst.i.tution was established:

ORGANIZATION OF THE NATIONAL BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

_Central Commissioners, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania_--M. R. DELANY, President; WM. WEBB, Vice-President; THOS. A. BROWN, Treasurer; EDW. R. PARKER, Auditor; CHAS. W. NIGHTEN, Secretary; PROFESSOR M.

H. FREEMAN, A.M., Special For. Sec.; SAMUEL VENERABLE, ALFRED H.

JOHNS, SAMUEL BRUCE, PARKER SORRELL.

DEPARTMENTS

_Committee on Domestic Relations._--SAMUEL BRUCE, Chairman; SAMUEL VENERABLE, CHARLES W. NIGHTEN. _Financial Relations._--THOMAS A.

BROWN, Chairman; PARKER SORRELL, ALFRED H. JOHNS. _Foreign Relations._--REV. WM. WEBB, Chairman; M. R. DELANY, EDW. R. PARKER.

_Special Foreign Secretary._ PROF. MARTIN H. FREEMAN, A. M. _State Commissioners._--_Ma.s.sachusetts_--WM. C. NELL, _Boston_; C. L.

REMOND, Salem. _New York, Buffalo._--JAMES M. WHITFIELD, J.

THEODORE HOLLY. _Ohio, Cincinnati._--AUGUSTUS R. GREEN, PHILLIP TOLIVAR, Jun. _Michigan, Detroit._--WILLIAM C. MUNROE, WILLIAM LAMBERT. _Kentucky, Louisville._--CONAWAY BARBOUR, JAMES H. GIPSON.

_Missouri, St. Louis._--REV. RICH'D ANDERSON, REV. JORDAN BROWN.

_Virginia, Richmond._--RICHARD HENDERSON, JOHN E. FERGUSON.

_Tennessee, Nashville._--ELDER PETER A. H. LOWRY, CHARLES BARRATT.

_Louisiana, New Orleans._--JORDAN B. n.o.bLE, REV. JOHN GARROW.

_California, San Francisco._--HENRY M. COLLINS, ORANGE LEWIS.

II

SUCCEEDING CONVENTIONS

The Second Convention, pursuant to a call, was held in Cleveland, in August, 1856, when some modification and amendments were made in the Const.i.tution, and some changes in the officers of the Board; but the president was unanimously re-elected, and continued in office until the close of the of the Third Convention, which met pursuant to a call in the town of Chatham, Canada West, in August, 1858, when, resigning his position in the Board, the following officers succeeded to the

GENERAL BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

CENTRAL COMMISSIONERS--CHATHAM, CANADA WILLIAM HOWARD DAY, President MATISON F. BAILEY, Vice-President GEORGE WASH. BRODIE, Secretary JAMES MADISON BELL, Treasurer ALFRED WHIPPER, Auditor MARTIN R. DELANY, Foreign Secretary

NOTE.--The names only of the Central Commissioners are here given, the others being re-elected as chosen in 1856, at Cleveland.

OTHER MEMBERS

ABRAM D. SHADD J. HENRY HARRIS ISAAC D. SHADD

At an Executive Council Meeting of the Board, September 1st, 1858, the following resolution, as taken from the Minutes, was adopted: That Dr. Martin R. Delany, of Chatham, Kent Country, Canada West, be a Commissioner to explore in Africa, with full power to choose his own colleagues.

III

HISTORY OF THE PROJECT

In the winter of 1831-32, being then but a youth, I formed the design of going to Africa, the land of my ancestry; when in the succeeding winter of 1832-33, having then fully commenced to study, I entered into a solemn promise with the Rev. Molliston Madison Clark, then a student in Jefferson College, at Cannonsburg, Washington County, Pennsylvania, being but seventeen miles from Pittsburgh, where I resided (his vacations being spent in the latter place), to complete an education, and go on an independent and voluntary mission--to travel in Africa--I as a physician and he as a clergyman, for which he was then preparing.