The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees Part 4

Ha-usdigiyu-gw ha-elawast[n] iyt[n]ta dhilhistaniga.

Sge! Ha-Uh[n]tsyi tsldhisti Gili Sakani, hangwa hat[n]ganiga usinuliyu. Hidawehi-gg, gahusti tsanulti niges[n]na. Diskwltiy tinanugai, asegw niges[n]na tsagistati ad[n]niga. Ulsgeta h[n]hihy[n]staniga. Ha-usdigiyu-gw ha-elawast[n]

iyta dhithistaniga.

Sge! (Ha)-Ushi(-yi) tsldhisti, Gili G[n]nagei, hangwa hat[n]ganiga usinuliy. Hidawehi-gg, gahusti tsanulti niges[n]na. Diskwltiy tinanugagi, asegw niges[n]na tsagistati ad[n]niga. Ulsgeta h[n]hihy[n]staniga. Ha-usdigiyu-gw ha-elawast[n]

iy[n]ta dhithistaniga.

Sge! Wahala tsldhisti, Gili Tsnega, hangwa hat[n]ganiga usinuliyu. Hidawehi-gg, gahusti tsanulti niges[n]na. Diskwltiy tinanugagi, asegw niges[n]na tsagistati ad[n]niga. Ha-ulsgeta h[n]hihy[n]staniga. Ha-usdigiyu-gw elawast[n]

iy[n]ta dhithistaniga.

Sge! Wahala tsldhisti Tksi Tsnega, hangwa hat[n]ganiga usinuliyu. Hidawehi-gg, gahusti tsanulti niges[n]na. Ha-kl _gaysketa_ tsat[n]neliga. Utsinawa nutatan[n]ta.

(Degsisisg[n]i.)--Tksi uhyaska gnstati naski igahita gunsti hiski iyuntalegi tsntngiya.

[n]skwta kil atstasti sgwa iytstasti, nki ig[n]ktati, naski-gw di[n]leniskhi ig[n]yiyi tsalenih. Nkine [n]skwta kil nki iyatstasti. Uhyaskhi-n adela deglai tali uninega-gw n[n]wti-n hignehi uhyaskhi usdia-gw. Unelagi-n si agadi agadidi [n]ti-gw yiki siyu-gw naski-n agan[n]lieski dagnstaneh[n]i utata.

Hia-n n[n]wti: Yna-Unatsesdgi tsanasehi si-n Kga-Asg[n]tage tsanasehi, si-n _Eg[n]li_-gw, si-n (U)wasgili tsigi Eg[n]li Usdia tsigi, n[n]yhi-n tsuyedi Yna-Utsesdgi naskiy tsigi, usdi-gw tsigi.

Eg[n]li (u)wasgili tsigi; si Wtige Unas(te)tsa tsigi, si-n [n]age Tsunastetsa, Nigata unastetsa gesi.

Sunale-gw alendi adan[n]wti; taline eladi tsitkalai; tsine ulsaladisat; nkine ig tskali. Yeligw igesi. Nlstiyanna gesi akan[n]wiski, nasgw nulstaiyanna.

_Translation._

FORMULA FOR TREATING THE CRIPPLER (RHEUMATISM).

Listen! Ha! In the Sun Land you repose, O Red Dog, O now you have swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi[10], you never fail in anything. O, appear and draw near running, for your prey never escapes. You are now come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very small part of it far off there at the end of the earth.

Listen! Ha! In the Frigid Land you repose, O Blue Dog. O now you have swiftly drawn near to hearken, O great adawehi, you never fail in anything. O, appear and draw near running, for your prey never escapes. You are now come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very small part of it far off there at the end of the earth.

Listen! Ha! In the darkening land you repose, O Black Dog. O, now you have swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi, you never fail in anything. O, appear and draw near running, for your prey never escapes. You are now come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very small part of it far off there at the end of the earth.

Listen! On Wahala you repose. O White Dog. Oh, now you have swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi, you never fail in anything. Oh, appear and draw near running, for your prey never escapes. You are now come to remove the intruder. Ha! You have settled a very small part of it far off there at the end of the earth.

Listen! On Wahala, you repose, O White Terrapin. O, now you have swiftly drawn near to hearken. O great adawehi, you never fail in anything. Ha! It is for you to loosen its hold on the bone. Belief is accomplished.

(Prescription.)--Lay a terrapin sh.e.l.l upon (the spot) and keep it there while the five kinds (of spirits) listen. On finishing, then blow once. Repeat four times, beginning each time from the start. On finishing the fourth time, then blow four times. Have two white beads lying in the sh.e.l.l, together with a little of the medicine. Dont interfere with it, but have a good deal boiling in another vessel--a bowl will do very well--and rub it on warm while treating by applying the hands. And this is the medicine: What is called Yna-Utsesta (bears bed, the Aspidium acrostichoides or Christmas fern); and the other is called Kga-Asg[n]tagi (crows shin, the Adianthum pedatum or Maidenhair fern); and the other is the common Eg[n]li (another fern); and the other is the Little Soft (-leaved) Eg[n]li (Osmunda Cinnamonea or cinnamon fern), which grows in the rocks and resembles Yna-Utsesta and is a small and soft (-leaved) Eg[n]li. Another has brown roots and another has black roots. The roots of all should be (used).

Begin doctoring early in the morning; let the second (application) be while the sun is still near the horizon; the third when it has risen to a considerable height (10 a.m.); the fourth when it is above at noon. This is sufficient. (The doctor) must not eat, and the patient also must be fasting.

[Footnote 10: _Adawehi_ is a word used to designate one supposed to have supernatural powers, and is applied alike to human beings and to the spirits invoked in the formulas. Some of the mythic heroes famous for their magic deeds are spoken of as _adawehi_ (plural _anidawehi_ or _anidawe_), but in its application to mortals the term is used only of the very greatest shamans. None of those now belonging to the band are considered worthy of being thus called, although the term was sometimes applied to one, Usawi, who died some years ago. In speaking of himself as an adawehi, as occurs in some of the formulas, the shaman arrogates to himself the same powers that belong to the G.o.ds. Our nearest equivalent is the word magician, but this falls far short of the idea conveyed by the Cherokee word. In the bible translation the word is used as the equivalent of angel or spirit.]

_Explanation._

As this formula is taken from the ma.n.u.script of Gahuni, who died nearly thirty years ago, no definite statement of the theory of the disease, or its treatment, can be given, beyond what is contained in the formula itself, which, fortunately, is particularly explicit; most doctors contenting themselves with giving only the words of the prayer, without noting the ceremonies or even the medicine used. There are various theories as to the cause of each disease, the most common idea in regard to rheumatism being that it is caused by the spirits of the slain animals, generally the deer, thirsting for vengeance on the hunter, as has been already explained in the myth of the origin of disease and medicine.

The measuring-worm (Catharis) is also held to cause rheumatism, from the resemblance of its motions to those of a rheumatic patient, and the name of the worm _wahhili_ is frequently applied also to the disease.

There are formulas to propitiate the slain animals, but these are a part of the hunting code and can only be noticed here, although it may be mentioned in pa.s.sing that the hunter, when about to return to the settlement, builds a fire in the path behind him, in order that the deer chief may not be able to follow him to his home.

The disease, figuratively called the intruder (ulsgta), is regarded as a living being, and the verbs used in speaking of it show that it is considered to be long, like a snake or fish. It is brought by the deer chief and put into the body, generally the limbs, of the hunter, who at once begins to suffer intense pain. It can be driven out only by some more powerful animal spirit which is the natural enemy of the deer, usually the dog or the Wolf. These animal G.o.ds live up above beyond the seventh heaven and are the great prototypes of which the earthly animals are only diminutive copies. They are commonly located at the four cardinal points, each of which has a peculiar formulistic name and a special color which applies to everything in the same connection. Thus the east, north, west, and south are respectively the Sun Land, the Frigid Land, the Darkening Land, and Wahala, while their respective mythologic colors are Red, Blue, Black, and White.

Whala is said to be a mountain far to the south. The white or red spirits are generally invoked for peace, health, and other blessings, the red alone for the success of an undertaking, the blue spirits to defeat the schemes of an enemy or bring down troubles upon him, and the black to compa.s.s his death. The white and red spirits are regarded as the most powerful, and one of these two is generally called upon to accomplish the final result.

In this case the doctor first invokes the Red Dog in the Sun Land, calling him a great adwehi, to whom nothing is impossible and who never fails to accomplish his purpose. He is addressed as if out of sight in the distance and is implored to appear running swiftly to the help of the sick man. Then the supplication changes to an a.s.sertion and the doctor declares that the Red Dog has already arrived to take the disease and has borne away a small portion of it to the uttermost ends of the earth. In the second, third, and fourth paragraphs the Blue Dog of the Frigid Land, the Black Dog of the Darkening Land, and the White Dog of Whala are successively invoked in the same terms and each bears away a portion of the disease and disposes of it in the same way. Finally, in the fifth paragraph, the White Terrapin of Whala is invoked. He bears off the remainder of the disease and the doctor declares that relief is accomplished. The connection of the terrapin in this formula is not evident, beyond the fact that he is regarded as having great influence in disease, and in this case the beads and a portion of the medicine are kept in a terrapin sh.e.l.l placed upon the diseased part while the prayer is being recited.

The formulas generally consist of four paragraphs, corresponding to four steps in the medical ceremony. In this case there are five, the last being addressed to the terrapin instead of to a dog. The prayers are recited in an undertone hardly audible at the distance of a few feet, with the exception of the frequent _ha_, which seems to be used as an interjection to attract attention and is always uttered in a louder tone. The beads--which are here white, symbolic of relief--are of common use in connection with these formulas, and are held between the thumb and finger, placed upon a cloth on the ground, or, as in this case, put into a terrapin sh.e.l.l along with a small portion of the medicine. According to directions, the sh.e.l.l has no other part in the ceremony.

The blowing is also a regular part of the treatment, the doctor either holding the medicine in his mouth and blowing it upon the patient, or, as it seems to be the case here, applying the medicine by rubbing, and blowing his breath upon the spot afterwards. In some formulas the simple blowing of the breath const.i.tutes the whole application. In this instance the doctor probably rubs the medicine upon the affected part while reciting the first paragraph in a whisper, after which he blows once upon the spot. The other paragraphs are recited in the same manner, blowing once after each. In this way the whole formula is repeated four times, with four blows at the end of the final repet.i.tion. The directions imply that the doctor blows only at the end of the whole formula, but this is not in accord with the regular mode of procedure and seems to be a mistake.

The medicine consists of a warm decoction of the roots of four varieties of fern, rubbed on with the hand. The awkward description of the species shows how limited is the Indians power of botanic cla.s.sification. The application is repeated four times during the same morning, beginning just at daybreak and ending at noon. Four is the sacred number running through every detail of these formulas, there being commonly four spirits invoked in four paragraphs, four blowings with four final blows, four herbs in the decoction, four applications, and frequently four days gaktu[n]ta or tabu. In this case no tabu is specified beyond the fact that both doctor and patient must be fasting. The tabu generally extends to salt or lye, hot food and women, while in rheumatism some doctors forbid the patient to eat the foot or leg of any animal, the reason given being that the limbs are generally the seat of the disease. For a similar reason the patient is also forbidden to eat or even to touch a squirrel, a buffalo, a cat, or any animal which humps itself. In the same way a scrofulous patient must not eat turkey, as that bird seems to have a scrofulous eruption on its head, while ball players must abstain from eating frogs, because the bones of that animal are brittle and easily broken.

HIA-N NASGW DID[n]LESKI ADAN[n]WTI.

Asgaya ykan[n]wi Y! Higeya Gigagei tsdantelhi _Ageya Giagagei_ atati; gesei. Ulsgeta hitsanuytanilei.

ageya-n ykan[n]wi Ha-N[n]dg[n]yi Ulsgeta _Asgaya Gigagei_ atati. hitsanuytanilei.

Ha-N[n]dg[n]yi nntatsdalenhi gesei. Gasgil gigagei tsusdiga tetsadiile detsalasidite-gei.

Hangwa usinuliyu detsaldisiyi.

Utsi(na)wa nutatan[n]ta. Us.h.i.ta nutanna.

Utsinawa-gw nig[n]tisgesti.

(Degsisisg[n]i)--Hia-gw niga kanheta. Nkiba nagnkwtisga dag[n]stiski. Sgwa n[n]skwta gnst[n]i agnstagis-ki h[n]tsatasgi nkine-n [n]skwta nki n[n]tstasgi.

Hia-n n[n]wti: Eg[n]li, Yna-n Utsesdgi, (U)wasgili tsigi Eg[n]li, tali tsinudaleha, Kga-n Asg[n]tage tsi[n]nsehi, Dayi-n Uwyi tsi[n]nsehi. Sutali iyutalegi unastetsa agti, uganawn dagnstatisgi n[n]wti as[n]galai. Ushi adan[n]wti, nuki tsus.h.i.ta dulsinis[n] adan[n]wti. Anawagi-n dilasulagi ges[n]i le tsikanikagai gwsdi-gw utsawata anawa-gw-n.

Hia-n gakt[n]ta glkwgi tsus.h.i.ta.

G[n]wadanadatlahisti niges[n]na--Salli, gili-n, wesa-n, atats-n, ama-n, anigeya-n. Udali yakan[n]wiya nkiha tsus.h.i.ta unada.n.a.ltsi-tasti niges[n]na. Gasgilgi-n uwasu[n]-gw uskiladisti uwas nki tsus.h.i.ta. Disi-n degasgil [n]tsa nna uwati yigesi nki tsus.h.i.ta.

_Translation._

AND THIS ALSO IS FOR TREATING THE CRIPPLER.

Y! O Red Woman, you have caused it. You have put the intruder under him. Ha! now you have come from the Sun Land. You have brought the small red seats, with your feet resting upon them. Ha! now they have swiftly moved away from you. Relief is accomplished. Let it not be for one night alone. Let the relief come at once.

(Prescription)--(_corner note at top_.) If treating a man one must say _Red Woman_, and if treating a woman one must say _Red Man_.

This is just all of the prayer. Repeat it four times while laying on the hands. After saying it over once, with the hands on (the body of the patient), take off the hands and blow once, and at the fourth repet.i.tion blow four times. And this is the medicine. Eg[n]li (a species of fern). Y-na-Utsesta (bears bed, the Aspidium acrostichoides or Christmas fern), _two_ varieties of the soft-(leaved) Eg[n]li (one, the small variety, is the Cinnamon fern, Osmunda cinnamonea), and what is called Kga Asg[n]tage (crows shin, the Adiantum pedatum or Maidenhair fern) and what is called Dayi-Uwyi (beavers paw--not identified). Boil the roots of the six varieties together and apply the hands warm with the medicine upon them. Doctor in the evening. Doctor four consecutive nights. (The pay) is cloth and moccasins; or, if one does not have them, just a little dressed deerskin and some cloth.

And this is the tabu for seven nights. One must not touch a squirrel, a dog, a cat, the mountain trout, or women. If one is treating a married man they (_sic_) must not touch his wife for four nights. And he must sit on a seat by himself for four nights, and must not sit on the other seats for four nights.

_Explanation._

The treatment and medicine in this formula are nearly the same as in that just given, which is also for rheumatism, both being written by Gahuni. The prayer differs in several respects from any other obtained, but as the doctor has been dead for years it is impossible to give a full explanation of all the points. This is probably the only formula in the collection in which the spirit invoked is the Red Woman, but, as explained in the corner note at the top, this is only the form used instead of Red Man, when the patient is a man. The Red Man, who is considered perhaps the most powerful G.o.d in the Cherokee pantheon, is in some way connected with the thunder, and is invoked in a large number of formulas. The change in the formula, according to the s.e.x of the patient, brings to mind a belief in Irish folk medicine, that in applying certain remedies the doctor and patient must be of opposite s.e.xes. The Red Man lives in the east, in accordance with the regular mythologic color theory, as already explained. The seats also are red, and the form of the verb indicates that the Red Woman is either standing upon them (plural) or sitting with her feet resting upon the rounds. These seats or chairs are frequently mentioned in the formulas, and always correspond in color with the spirit invoked. It is not clear why the Red Woman is held responsible for the disease, which is generally attributed to the revengeful efforts of the game, as already explained. In agreement with the regular form, the disease is said to be put under (not into) the patient. The a.s.sertion that the chairs have swiftly moved away would seem from a.n.a.logy to mean that the disease has been placed upon the seats and thus borne away. The verb implies that the seats move by their own volition. Immediately afterward it is declared that relief is accomplished. The expression us.h.i.ta nutanna occurs frequently in these formulas, and may mean either let it not be for one night alone, or let it not stay a single night, according to the context.

The directions specify not only the medicine and the treatment, but also the doctors fee. From the form of the verb the tabu, except as regards the seat to be used by the sick person, seems to apply to both doctor and patient. It is not evident why the mountain trout is prohibited, but the dog, squirrel, and cat are tabued, as already explained, from the fact that these animals frequently a.s.sume positions resembling the cramped att.i.tude common to persons afflicted by rheumatism. The cat is considered especially uncanny, as coming from the whites. Seven, as well as four, is a sacred number with the tribe, being also the number of their gentes. It will be noted that time is counted by nights instead of by days.

HI' INAT YUNISKLTSA ADANNWTI.