The Pictorial Press Part 1

The Pictorial Press.

by Mason Jackson.

NOTE.

Some of the chapters of this book in a condensed form were published a few years ago in the _Ill.u.s.trated London News_, and my acknowledgments are due to the proprietors of that journal for permission to reprint such of the woodcuts as accompanied the text in that form. I have also to thank them for their courtesy in allowing me to use several other engravings from the _Ill.u.s.trated London News_, including some from the early numbers, which must now be reckoned among the curiosities of the Pictorial Press.

M. J.

THE PICTORIAL PRESS: ITS ORIGIN AND PROGRESS.

CHAPTER I.

The Pictorial Taste Universal--The Early 'News-books'--Development of the Newspaper Press--General use of Newspapers--Establishment of Ill.u.s.trated Journals--Wandering Ballad Singers the First Newsvendors--The _English Mercurie_ of 1588--The Abolition of the Star Chamber and its Effect on the Press.

The inherent love of pictorial representation in all races of men and in every age is manifest by the frequent attempts made to depict natural objects, under the most unfavourable circ.u.mstances and with the slenderest means. The rude drawing scratched on the smooth bone of an animal by the cave-dweller of pre-historic times, the painted rocks of the Mexican forests, and the cave-paintings of the Bushmen, are all evidences of this deeply-rooted pa.s.sion. The child of civilised life looks with delight on his picture-book long before he can make out the letters of the alphabet, and the untutored Esquimaux treasures up the stray number of an ill.u.s.trated newspaper left in his hut by the crew of some whaling ship, though he cannot understand one word of the printed page. But the pictures speak a universal language, which requires no teaching to comprehend.

When the printing-press came into use this love of pictures had a wide field for development. Some of the first books printed in England were ill.u.s.trated with woodcuts, and many of the tracts, or 'News-books,'

which preceded regular newspapers, were adorned with rude engravings. It mattered not how graphic was the pen, its work was deemed incomplete without the aid of the pencil. It often happened that the pen was none the better for the fellowship, but the public taste was not fastidious, and the work sufficed for the occasion. In tracing the origin and progress of pictorial journalism we shall find in 'the abstracts and brief chronicles of the time' many curious ill.u.s.trations of contemporary history. The subject is not without interest now that the ill.u.s.trated newspaper has become a prominent feature in the journalism of every country.

The development of the newspaper press and its unrestricted use as the exponent of public opinion is one of the most interesting signs of modern progress. When we consider the liberty of thought and action that prevails in our own day, it is difficult to believe that our forefathers were liable to the pillory and other degrading punishments when they ventured to publish their opinions without first obtaining the sanction of the ruling powers. We are accustomed to the daily exercise of the right which cost Prynne his ears and brought fines and imprisonment on Defoe. Newspapers have become almost as necessary to our daily life as bread itself. The mind demands its breakfast as well as the body; and to many a busy man the loss of his morning paper would be as great a deprivation as the want of his usual matutinal meal.

In London, and in all our great centres of population, the newspaper has become the unfailing accompaniment of the City man's journey to business. At the railway stations journals of every kind tempt the loitering pa.s.senger, while the ill.u.s.trated papers appeal to him in a language of their own. Whether in the railway carriage, the omnibus, or the steam-boat, the newspaper is eagerly conned, and its contents form the food of conversation. Most of these newspapers are cast aside at the end of the twenty minutes' or half hour's journey; and then, at second hand, they amuse the leisure moments of the railway porter, or, better still, they are collected together, and perhaps serve to solace the sick poor during many lingering hours in hospitals and refuges. Day by day the demand is made, and the supply is ready. The printing-machine never sleeps and is never tired. Its voice is one of the voices of the night--most unmusical, yet with a mysterious meaning. The daily newspaper, so potent in diffusing the light of knowledge, is itself the offspring of darkness. The busy brains and active fingers which create it turn night into day in the execution of their quickly recurring tasks, and with unflagging energy they labour on, that the slumbering world may be properly amused and instructed when it wakes.

The intelligent foreigner who happens to reach our southern coast on a Monday morning in summer or autumn, and travels to London by one of the early trains, is astonished, when the train stops, to see most of the gentlemen rush from the carriages and surround a small boy, whom they appear to hustle and threaten with violent gesticulations. The boy appears to buy off the hostility of his a.s.sailants by dealing out to each a paper, which he takes from a large bundle under his arm, and with which the appeased pa.s.senger returns to his carriage. Cries of '_Times!_ _Daily News!_ _Telegraph!_ _Standard!_--Here, give us one--anything!'

reach the ears of the wondering stranger, who beholds the boy at length take refuge in an empty railway carriage on the opposite side of the platform, and from that place of vantage he continues to deal out the mysterious papers. After a time the intelligent foreigner learns that these are the London papers of that morning, which are sent out to meet the trains, and are eagerly bought by the gentlemen who have been spending from Sat.u.r.day to Monday at the seaside, and, having fasted from all newspapers during that time, they are now of course famishing for news. Such is their eagerness that politics are thrown to the winds. The Conservative will put up with a Liberal newspaper rather than have none at all; and he whose ill luck or inertness has left him without the coveted sheet is glad to borrow of his neighbour, that he may not be walking in the darkness of ignorance when he arrives at his place of business. As the train moves off, the intelligent foreigner, if he thrusts his head out of the carriage window, may behold in the distance the newsboy pensively counting his gains and endeavouring to make his receipts tally with the number of papers that have vanished.

One of the most remarkable phases of newspaper history has been the establishment of ill.u.s.trated journals. Though this idea, in an immature form, is as old as the newspaper itself, yet it was never fully developed till the late Mr. Herbert Ingram brought out the _Ill.u.s.trated London News_ in 1842. Since that time the removal of the newspaper stamp and the repeal of the paper duty have imparted a freedom and a vigour to newspaper enterprise previously unknown. Journals of all kinds have sprung into existence, and cheapness has become the rule. Penny and even halfpenny papers compete with the leading journals in activity and enterprise. No expense is spared in obtaining the earliest and most authentic intelligence. Correspondents are sent to every part of the world where any information is to be gleaned, and the presence of the newspaper 'Special' is now expected at every great event. Each cla.s.s has its organ, and 'he who runs may read.'

When we consider the immense amount of printed matter that is published every day by the newspapers, we cannot but wonder at the public appet.i.te. And this appet.i.te is fed from one year to another upon a diet that is only varied when there occurs a war, a revolution, an unusually disastrous shipwreck, or a murder of uncommon atrocity. Then the monotony of ordinary life gives place to the temporary excitement. There is a run upon the newspapers, which are as susceptible as barometers, and rise or fall according to the state of public feeling. The calamities of nations and the misfortunes of individuals are sources of profit and prosperity to the newspaper.

It was a happy idea to gather together the princ.i.p.al events of the week, to ill.u.s.trate them with authentic pictures, and place them before the public in the form of a pictorial newspaper. Considering the great cost of production, and the restrictions under which newspapers lay at that time, to say nothing of the difficulty of bringing out news with appropriate ill.u.s.trations, so that both should be fresh, the _Ill.u.s.trated London News_ was a bold undertaking. Like most things that are successful, it soon had many imitators, and there are now few large cities in the civilised world that have not their ill.u.s.trated newspapers.

But the full development of ill.u.s.trated journalism was immediately preceded by many significant symptoms. Several of the then existing newspapers, on the occurrence of any unusual or interesting event, introduced into their pages rough woodcut ill.u.s.trations. A great fire--a remarkable murder--a fatal balloon ascent--these were the subjects seized upon at the moment to satisfy the public craving for ill.u.s.trated news. All this seems to have been the working of an impulse or instinct which existed even before the days of newspapers; for, as I shall presently show, attempts were made to ill.u.s.trate the news of the hour in tracts or 'News-books' before the beginning of regular newspapers in England. The idea of ill.u.s.trated journalism may be traced from the earliest years of the seventeenth century to 1842, the date of the first number of the _Ill.u.s.trated London News_. The art of wood-engraving had fallen very low in the seventeenth century, and the ill.u.s.trations to be found in early newspapers are mostly of a very rude description; but they show the existence of a germ which eventually grew into full and flourishing life.

The English newspaper, like many other great inventions, was a thing of gradual growth. The news that was sung or recited by wandering ballad-singers at the village cross, or in the court-yard of the squire's mansion, and the written newsletter furnished to the wealthy aristocracy, were the precursors of the early news-books and the periodical sheets of news. As the art of printing extended, many of the productions of the press a.s.sumed the character of news to attract readers. Sermons, satires, and travels, were all put forward under the name of _news_, and sometimes a single grain of truth was deemed sufficient to leaven a whole bushel of fiction. Most of these publications were small tracts, and published at irregular intervals.

Some of them were adorned with engravings on the t.i.tle-pages, which show that even at this early period the authors or printers of these papers were imbued with the pictorial spirit. The idea of ill.u.s.trating current events had already taken root, and we find examples of it long before the establishment of regular newspapers.

The earliest form of the newspaper is known to have come into existence during times of war and tumult, and it was for a long time believed that the first English newspaper was brought forth under similar circ.u.mstances. But when the _English Mercurie_ of 1588 was proved to be a forgery, the enthusiast in newspaper history received a heavy blow and sad discouragement. It seemed so highly probable, when this country was threatened with the descent of the Spanish Armada, that something like a newspaper might have sprung into existence, that people were only too ready to adopt the imposture. When the whole nation was greatly excited and anxious to learn something about the reality of their danger, nothing was more natural than for the sagacious minister of Queen Elizabeth to appeal to the people through the printing-press, and by its means endeavour to calm the public mind by circulating printed sheets of intelligence, 'for the contradiction of false reports.' But we were compelled to admit that Lord Burleigh had missed his opportunity, and neglected to use the most powerful means for exciting the patriotism or allaying the fears of his countrymen. The author of this remarkable imposition showed great skill and acuteness in constructing his false newspaper, and fixing the date of its supposed publication. The forgery has been attributed to Lord Hardwick; but what were his motives it is difficult to understand. Unlike Chatterton and Ireland, he never brought his imposture before the world, and if he intended it merely for an antiquarian _jeu-d'esprit_ he had the enjoyment of the joke entirely to himself.

The abolition of the Star Chamber, in 1641, was an important event for the press of this country. The so-called newspapers then began to print English news and discuss home affairs, no longer dreading the fines, imprisonments, and mutilations, that had been so liberally dispensed by that obnoxious tribunal. There was not, however, any considerable increase in the number of newspapers till the Civil War reached its height. During that remarkable contest many hundreds of tracts and newspapers were published, some of them numbered consecutively and published at regular intervals; but the great majority bore no continuous t.i.tle, and treated of one subject only. During the reigns of Charles II. and James II. the press was more or less under a censorship, from which it was not emanc.i.p.ated till the seventh year of William III.

Lord Macaulay dates the commencement of English newspapers from this period, when a great many new journals made their appearance. They included political news amongst their contents; and they more nearly resembled in character, but not in appearance, what we now understand by a newspaper than anything that had preceded them. This press revival was not accompanied by any corresponding activity in the direction of pictorial ill.u.s.tration. Art of every kind was in a low condition in England at this time. Even if the art of popular ill.u.s.tration had been better understood, the means of production were exceedingly limited.

Newspapers multiplied greatly, but ill.u.s.trated journalism had to struggle with difficulties, and its existence was only made known by the occasional appearance of a rough woodcut or an indifferent copper-plate.

CHAPTER II.

Ill.u.s.trated Broadsides--Sir Francis Drake's Operations against the Spaniards--Papers of News in the Reign of James I.--The first Periodical Newspaper published in England--Ill.u.s.trated Tracts relating to Storms and Floods--Remarkable Murders favourite subjects with the early Newswriters--Murder of the Rev. Mr. Storre--Murder in Cornwall--Apparition of Three Skeletons--Visions in the Air--Attempt on the Life of the Duke of Buckingham--Fall of Meteors at Bawlkin Green, Berkshire--The _Swedish Intelligencer_--Pa.s.sage of the River Leck by Gustavus Adolphus--The Sallee Rovers--The _Weekly News_ of 1638, an Ill.u.s.trated Paper--The Irish Rebellion of 1641--The Plague in London--Murder on board an English Ship--The Earl of Strafford--His Execution on Tower Hill--Archbishop Laud--A Burlesque Play about him--Attack by the Mob on Lambeth Palace--Caricature of the Devil offering Laud a Cardinal's Hat.

[Ill.u.s.tration: THE VALIANT EXPLOITS OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE, 1587.]

Before, and for a long time after, the general use of newspapers, ill.u.s.trated broadsides were published relating to particular events, or satirising the vices and follies of the period. In a broadside adorned with a woodcut representing Death and Time, and ent.i.tled, _The Doleful Dance, and Song of Death_, allusion is made to the 'Fatal a.s.sizes' of Oxford, when three hundred persons, including the High Sheriff, died of a distemper, which was supposed to have originated among the prisoners.

A sheet of a later date refers to the Spanish Armada and the Gunpowder Plot; while a third, ent.i.tled, _t.i.ttle-Tattle_, &c., satirises the gossiping habits of the fair s.e.x, and contains many ill.u.s.trations of manners, costume, and character. Such were the publications that did duty for newspapers in the days of Queen Elizabeth, whose subjects, however, were not left wholly without information as to pa.s.sing events.

In 1587 there was published an ill.u.s.trated tract giving an account of the doings of Sir Francis Drake, who was employed by Queen Elizabeth to hara.s.s the Spaniards in their harbours, and hinder them in their preparations for invading England. These operations, which Drake himself described as 'singeing the King of Spain's beard,' delayed the sailing of the Armada, and gave Elizabeth time to prepare for defence. The tract referred to is ent.i.tled, '_The true and perfect Newes of the worthy and valiant exploytes performed and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis Drake; Not only at Sancto Domingo, and Carthagena, but also nowe at Cales, and upon the Coast of Spayne, 1587_. _Printed at London, by J.

Charlewood, for Thomas Hackett._' There is an account, in verse, written by one Thomas Greepe, of the doings of Sir Francis Drake and other sea captains. The author tells his reader, 'Here hast thou, gentle Reader, set forth unto thee the most worthy and valiant exploytes and enterpryses, lately atchieved and done by that valiant Knight Syr Frauncis Drake & others not pend in lofty verse, nor curiously handled, but playnly and truly, so that it may be well understood of the Reader.' There is no attempt made to ill.u.s.trate the events related in the tract, but on the t.i.tle-page there is a woodcut of a ship in full sail, which was perhaps intended to represent the admiral's own vessel.

I have reproduced it on a reduced scale, as an early specimen of marine draughtsmanship.

Thomas Greepe commences his poem with the following rhapsody:--

'Triumph, O England, and rejoice, And prayse thy G.o.d incessantly For this thy Queene, that pearle of choyce, Which G.o.d doth blesse with victory!

In countryes strange, both farre and neere, All raging foes her force doth feare.

Yee worthy wights that doo delighte To heare of Novels strange and rare, What valors, woone by a famous knight, May please you marke I shall declare.

Such rare exploytes performde and done As none the like hath ever woone.'

He gives a list of the ships under Drake's command:--

'Twenty-five ships were then preparde, Fifteene Pinnaces, brave and fine, Well furnished for his safe garde, Preventing foes that would him tyne.

With Masters good and Marriners rare As ever tooke charge, I dare compare.

The _Bonaventure_, a ship royall, Cheefe Admirall then of the fleete, Sir Frauncis Drake, cheefe Generall, As by desertes he was most meete.

Most worthy Captaynes of hand and heart In this boon voyage then tooke hys part.

The _Primrose_ next, Vice-Admirall, Appoynted by thyre best device, Captayne Frobisher, Vice-Generall-- A valiant Captayne, ware and wyse.

Captayne Carelell they did ordayne Lieftenant-Generall on the mayne.'

The poem thus winds up:--

'G.o.d save our Queene of merry England, His sacred word long to maintaine; Her Graces Navie and royall bande, Through his good Grace, may long remaine.

Lord blesse her counsell, and keepe them aye With all true subjects night and day.

Finis, quoth Thomas Greepe.'

This curious poem is supplemented by a letter, written by Sir Francis Drake, 'To the right reverende, G.o.dly, learned Father, my very good friend, M. John Fox, preacher of the word of G.o.d.' This was John Fox, the Martyrologist, who died in 1587. The letter proceeds: 'Mister Fox, whereas we have had of late such happy successe against the Spanyardes, I do a.s.sure myselfe that you have faithfully remembered us in your good prayers, and therefore I have not forgotten, breefly to make you partaker thereof. The 19. of Aprill we arrived within the road of Calles, where we found very many shipping, but amongst the rest 32 of exceeding burden, lade and to be laden with provision, and prepared to furnish the King's Navie, intended with all speede against England, the which when we had boorded, and also furnished our severall ships with provision as we thought sufficient, wee burnt; and although by the s.p.a.ce of two dayes and two nights that we continued there, we were still endangered, both with thundering shott from the towne, and a.s.sailed with the roaring Cannons of twelve galleys; yet we suncke two of them, and one great Argosey, and still avoyded them with very small hurt, and so at our departure we brought away foure ships of provision, to the great terror of our enemies, and honour to ourselves, as it may appeare by a most curteous Letter written unto me with a Flagge of truce by Duke Petro, Generall of the Galleys. But whereas it is most certayne that the king doth not onely make speedy preparation in Spayne, but likewise expected a very great Fleete from the Straytes, and divers other places, that should joyne with his forces to invade England; we purpose to sette apart all feare of danger, and by G.o.ds furtherance to proceed by all the good means we can devise to prevent their coming; wherefore I shall desire you to continue faithfull in remembrance of us in your prayers that our purpose may take that good effect, as G.o.d may be glorified, his Church, our Queene and country, preserved, and these enemies of the trueth utterly vanquished, that we may have continuall peace in Israel.

Fro aboord her Majesties good ship the _Elizabeth Bonaventure_.

'Your loving freende, and faythfull Sonne in Christ Jesus,

'FRAUNCIS DRAKE.'