The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Part 111

Ca.s.sAGNAC, PAUL, son of preceding; editor of _Le Pays_ and the journal _L'Autorite_; an obstinate Imperialist; _b_. 1843.

Ca.s.sANDER, king of Macedonia, pa.s.sed over in the succession by his father Antipater; allied himself with the Greek cities; invaded Macedonia and ascended the throne; married Thessalonica, the sister of Alexander the Great, but put Alexander's mother to death, thus securing himself against all rival claimants; left his son Philip as successor (354-297 B.C.).

Ca.s.sANDRA, a beautiful Trojan princess, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, whom Apollo endowed with the gift of prophecy, but, as she had rejected his suit, doomed to utter prophecies which no one would believe, as happened with her warnings of the fate and the fall of Troy, which were treated by her countrymen as the ravings of a lunatic; her name is applied to any one who entertains gloomy forebodings.

Ca.s.sANO, a town in the S. of Italy; also a town near Milan, scene of a French victory under Vendome in 1705, and a French defeat under Moreau in 1799.

Ca.s.sATION, COURT OF, a court of highest and last appeal in France, appointed in the case of appeal to revise the forms of a procedure in an inferior court; it consists of a president and vice-president, 49 judges, a public prosecutor called the _procureur-general_, and six advocates-general; it consists of three sections: first, one to determine if the appeal should be received; second, one to decide in civil cases; and third, one to decide in criminal cases.

Ca.s.sEL (72), capital of Hesse-Ca.s.sel, an interesting town, 120 m.

from Frankfort-on-Main; it is the birthplace of Bunsen.

Ca.s.sELL, JOHN, the publisher, born in Manchester; a self-made man, who knew the value of knowledge and did much to extend it (1817-1865).

Ca.s.sIa.n.u.s, JOANNUS, an Eastern ascetic; came to Constantinople, and became a pupil of Chrysostom, who ordained him; founded two monasteries in Ma.r.s.eilles; opposed the extreme views of Augustine in regard to grace and free-will, and human depravity; and not being able to go the length of Pelaganism, adopted SEMI-PELAGIANISM, q. v. (360-448).

Ca.s.sINI, name of a family of astronomers of the 17th and 18th centuries, of Italian origin; distinguished for their observations and discoveries affecting the comets, the planets, and the moon; they settled, father and son and grandson, in Paris, and became in succession directors of the observatory of Paris, the last of whom died in 1864, after completing in 1793 a great topographical map of France begun by his father.

Ca.s.sIODO'RUS, a Latin statesman and historian, born in Calabria; prime minister of Theodoric the Great and his successor; retired into a monastery about 70, and lived there nearly 30 years; wrote a history of the Goths, and left letters of great historical value (468-568).

Ca.s.sIOPE'IA, queen of Ethiopia, mother of Andromeda, placed after death among the constellations; a constellation well north in the northern sky of five stars in the figure of a W.

Ca.s.sIQUIA'RI, a remarkable river in Venezuela, which, like a ca.n.a.l, connects the Rio Negro, an affluent of the Amazon, with the Orinoco.

Ca.s.sITER'IDES, islands in the Atlantic, which the Phoenician sailors visited to procure tin; presumed to have been the Scilly Islands or Cornwall, which they adjoin.

Ca.s.sIUS, CAIUS, chief conspirator against Caesar; won over Brutus to join in the foul plot; soon after the deed was done fled to Syria, made himself master of it; joined his forces with those of Brutus at Philippi; repulsed on the right, thought all was lost; withdrew into his tent, and called his freedmen to kill him; Brutus, in his lamentation over him, called him the "last of the Romans"; _d_. 42 B.C.

Ca.s.sIUS, SPURIUS, a Roman, thrice chosen consul, first time 502 B.C.; subdued the Sabines, made a league with the Latins, promoted an agrarian law, the first pa.s.sed, which conceded to the plebs a share in the public lands.

Ca.s.sIVELLAUNUS, a British warlike chief, who unsuccessfully opposed Caesar on his second invasion of Britain, 52 B.C.; surrendered after defeat, and became tributary to Rome.

CASTALIA, a fountain at the foot of Parna.s.sus sacred to the Muses; named after a nymph, who drowned herself in it to escape Apollo.

CASTANET, bishop of Albi; procured the canonisation of St. Louis (1256-1317).

CASTAnOS, a Spanish general; distinguished for his victory over the French under Dupont, whom he compelled to surrender and sign the capitulation of Baylen, in 1808; after this he served under Wellington in several engagements, and was commander of the Spanish army, ready, if required, to invade France in 1815 (1758-1852).

CASTE, rank in society of an exclusive nature due to birth or origin, such as prevails among the Hindus especially. Among them there are originally two great cla.s.ses, the twice-born and the once-born, _i.

e_. those who have pa.s.sed through a second birth, and those who have not; of the former there are three grades, Brahmans, or the priestly caste, from the mouth of Brahma; Kshatriyas, or the soldier caste, from the hands of Brahma; and Vaisyas, or the agricultural caste, from the feet of Brahma; while the latter are of one rank and are menial to the other, called Sudras, earth-born all; notwithstanding which distinction often members of the highest cla.s.s sink socially to the lowest level, and members of the lowest rise socially to the highest.

CASTEL, RENe-RICHARD, French poet and naturalist (1758-1832).

CASTELAR, EMILIO, a Spanish republican, born in Cadiz; an eloquent man and a literary; appointed dictator of Spain in 1873, but not being equal to the exigency in the affairs of the State, resigned, and made way for the return of monarchy, though under protest; wrote a history of the "Republican Movement in Europe" among other works of political interest; _b_. 1832.

CASTELLAMARE (15), a port on the coast of Italy, 115 m. SE. of Naples, the scene of Pliny's death from the eruption of Vesuvius in A.D.

79. It takes its name from a castle built on it by the Emperor Frederick II.; has a cathedral, a.r.s.enal, and manufactures.

CASTELLIO, Protestant theologian, a protege of Calvin's for a time, till he gave expression to some heretical views, which led to a rupture; he ventured to p.r.o.nounce the Song of Solomon a mere erotic poem (1515-1563).

CASTIGLIONE, a town of Sicily, on N. slope of Etna, 35 m. SW. of Messina; famed for hazel nuts.

CASTIGLIONE, COUNT, an accomplished Italian, born in Mantua; author of "II Cortegiano," a manual for courtiers, called by the Italians in admiration of it "The Golden Book"; had spent much of his time in courts in England and Spain, as well as Rome, and was a courtly man (1478-1529).

CASTILE, a central district of Spain, divided by the mountains of Castile into Old Castile (1,800) in the N., and New Castile (3,500) in the S.: the former consisting of a high bare plateau, bounded by mountains on the N. and on the S., with a variable climate, yields wheat and good pasturage, and is rich in minerals; the latter, also tableland, has a richer soil, and yields richer produce, breeds horses and cattle, and contains besides the quicksilver mines of Almaden. Both were at one time occupied by the Moors, and were created into a kingdom in the 11th century, and united to the crown of Spain in 1469 by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella.

CASTLE GARDEN, the immigration depot of New York where immigrants land, report themselves, and are advised where to settle or find work.

CASTLE OF INDOLENCE, a poem of Thomson's, a place in which the dwellers live amid luxurious delights, to the enervation of soul and body.

CASTLEFORD (14), a town 10 m. SE. of Leeds, with extensive gla.s.s-works, especially bottles.

CASTLEREAGH, LORD, entered political life as a member of the Irish Parliament, co-operated with Pitt in securing the Union, after which he entered the Imperial Parliament, became War Minister (1805), till the ill-fated Walcheren expedition and a duel with Canning obliged him to resign; became Foreign Secretary in 1812, and the soul of the coalition against Napoleon; represented the country in a congress after Napoleon's fall; succeeded his father as Marquis of Londonderry in 1821, and committed suicide the year following; his name has been unduly defamed, and his services to the country as a diplomatist have been entirely overlooked (1769-1822).

CASTLES IN SPAIN, visionary projects.

CASTLETOWN, a seaport in the Isle of Man, 11 m. SW. of Douglas, and the former capital.