The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Part 109

CAROLINA, NORTH, one of the original 13 States of N. America, on the Atlantic, about the size of England, S. of Virginia, 480 m. from E. to W.

and 180 m. from N. to S.; has a fertile, well-watered subsoil in the high lands; is rich in minerals and natural products; the mountains are covered with forests, and the manufactures are numerous.

CAROLINA, SOUTH, S. of N. Carolina, is alluvial with swamps, 100 m.

inland from the coast, is well watered; produces rice and cotton in large quant.i.ties and of a fine quality.

CAROLINE ISLANDS (36), a stretch of lagoon islands, 2000 m. from E.

to W., belonging to Spain, N. of New Guinea and E. of the Philippine Islands; once divided into eastern, western, and central; the soil of the western is fertile, and there is plenty of fish and turtle in the lagoons.

CAROLINE OF BRUNSWICK, queen of George IV. and daughter of the Duke of Brunswick; married George, then Prince of Wales, in 1795; gave birth to the Princess Charlotte the year following, but almost immediately after her husband abandoned her; she retired to a mansion at Blackheath; was allowed to go abroad after a time; on the accession of her husband she was offered a pension of 50,000 if she stayed out of the country, but rejected it and claimed her rights as queen; was charged with adultery, but after a long trial acquitted; on the day of the coronation sought admission to Westminster Abbey, but the door was shut against her; she died a fortnight after (1768-1821).

CARON, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL, under the first Empire; head of the Belford conspiracy in 1820 under the Restoration; executed 1822.

CARPACCIO, VITTORE, a Venetian painter of great celebrity, particularly in his early pieces, for his truth of delineation, his fertile imagination, and his rich colouring; his works are numerous, and have nearly all of them sacred subjects; an Italian critic says of him, "He had truth in his heart" (1450-1522).

CARPATHIANS, a range of wooded mountains in Central Europe, 880 m.

long, which, in two great ma.s.ses, extend from Presburg to Orsova, both on the Danube, in a semicircle round the greater part of Hungary, particularly the whole of the N. and E., the highest of them Negoi, 8517 ft., they are rich in minerals, and their sides clothed with forests, princ.i.p.ally of beech and pine.

CARPEAUX, JEAN BAPTISTE, sculptor, born at Valenciennes; adorned by his art, reckoned highly imaginative, several of the public monuments of Paris, and the facade of the Opera House (1827-1875).

CARPENTARIA, GULF OF, a broad, deep gulf in the N. of Australia; contains several islands, and receives several rivers.

CARPENTER, MARY, a philanthropist, born at Exeter, daughter of Dr.

Lant Carpenter, Unitarian minister; took an active part in the establishment of reformatory and ragged schools, and a chief promoter of the Industrial Schools Act; her philanthropic efforts extended to India, which, in her zeal, she visited four times, and she was the founder of the National Indian a.s.sociation (1807-1877).

CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN, biologist, brother of the preceding; author, among other numerous works, of the "Principles of General and Comparative Physiology" (1838); contributed to mental physiology; held several high professional appointments in London; inaugurated deep-sea soundings, and advocated the theory of a vertical circulation in the ocean (1813-1877).

CARPI, GIROLAMO DA, Italian painter and architect, born at Ferrara; successful imitator of Correggio (1501-1556).

CARPI, UGO DA, Italian painter and wood engraver; is said to have invented engraving in chiaroscuro (1486-1530).

CARPINI, a Franciscan monk, born in Umbria; headed an emba.s.sy from Pope Innocent IV. to the Emperor of the Mogul Tartars to persuade him out of Europe, which he threatened; was a corpulent man of 60; travelled from Lyons to beyond Lake Baikal and back; wrote a report of his journey in Latin, which had a quieting effect on the panic in Europe (1182-1252).

CARPIO, a legendary hero of the Moors of Spain; is said to have slain Roland at Roncesvalles.

CARPOC'RATES, a Gnostic of Alexandria of the 2nd century, who believed in the transmigration of the soul and its final emanc.i.p.ation from all external bonds and obligations, by means of concentrated meditation on the divine unity, and a life in conformity therewith; was the founder of a sect called after his name.

CARRARA (11), a town in N. Italy, 30 m. NW. of Leghorn; famous for its quarries of white statuary marble, the working of which is its staple industry; these quarries have been worked for 2000 years, are 400 in number, and employ as quarrymen alone regularly over 3000 men.

CARREL, ARMAND, French publicist, born at Rouen; a man of high character, and highly esteemed; editor of the _National_, which he conducted with great ability, and courage; died of a wound in a duel with emile de Girardin (1800-1836).

CARRICK, the southern division of Ayrshire. See AYRSHIRE.

CARRICKFERGUS (9), a town and seaport N. of Belfast Lough, 9 m.

from Belfast, with a picturesque castle.

CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE, one of the most blood-thirsty of the French Revolutionists, born near Aurillac; an attorney by profession; sent on a mission to La Vendee; caused thousands of victims to be drowned, beheaded, or shot; was guillotined himself after trial by a Revolutionary tribunal (1756-1794). See NOYADES.

CARRIeRE, MORITZ, a German philosopher and man of letters, born in Hesse, author of works on aesthetics and art in its relation to culture and the ideal; advocated the compatibility of the pantheistic with the deistic view of the world (1817-1893).

CARROL, LEWIS, pseudonym of C. L. DODGSON (q. v.), the author of "Alice in Wonderland," with its sequel, "Through the Looking-Gla.s.s."

Ca.r.s.e, the name given in Scotland to alluvial lands bordering on a river.

CARSON, KIT, American trapper, born in Kentucky; was of service to the States in expeditions in Indian territories from his knowledge of the habits of the Indians (1809-1878).

CARSTAIRS, WILLIAM, a Scotch ecclesiastic, born at Cathcart, near Glasgow; sent to Utrecht to study theology; recommended himself to the regard of the Prince of Orange, and became his political adviser; accompanied him to England as chaplain in 1688, and had no small share in bringing about the Revolution; controlled Church affairs in Scotland; was made Princ.i.p.al of Edinburgh University; was chief promoter of the Treaty of Union; was held in high esteem by his countrymen for his personal character as well as his public services; was a most sagacious man (1649-1715).

CARSTENS, ASMUS JAKOB, Danish artist, born in Sleswig; on the appearance of his great picture, "The Fall of the Angels," rose at once into fame; was admitted to the Berlin Academy; afterwards studied the masters at Rome; brought back to Germany a taste for art; was the means of reviving it; treated cla.s.sical subjects; quarrelled the Academy; died in poverty at Rome (1754-1798).

CARTAGENA (86), a naval port of Spain, on the Mediterranean, with a capacious harbour; one of the oldest towns in it, founded by the Carthaginians; was once the largest naval a.r.s.enal in Europe. Also capital (12) of the Bolivar State in Colombia.

CARTE, THOMAS, historian, a devoted Jacobite, born near Rugby; wrote a "History of England," which has proved a rich quarry of facts for subsequent historians (1686-1754).

CARTE-BLANCHE, a blank paper with a signature to be filled up with such terms of an agreement as the holder is authorised to accept in name of the person whose signature it bears.

CARTER, ELIZABETH, an accomplished lady, born at Deal, friend of Dr.

Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, and others; a great Greek and Italian scholar; translated Epictetus and Algarotti's exposition of Newton's philosophy; some of her papers appear in the _Rambler_ (1717-1806).